Does introspection increase humanitarian concerns in judgment and decision making?

内省是否会增加判断和决策中的人道主义关注?

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1757315
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 43万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2018
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2018-04-15 至 2022-03-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

There is ample evidence that people are inconsistent in the way that they value humanitarian objectives when making decisions about helping persons in distress. Most people believe they should give substantial weight to other people's welfare when making decisions about charitable donations, allocating scarce medical resources, or providing support for refugees. Yet great compassion extended towards individual victims often fades or disappears as the numbers of people in need increase. In some circumstances, emotionally appealing but normatively weak attributes may take precedence over needs. The resulting failures to help others often appear to contradict one's considered beliefs in the importance of giving them assistance. This proposal tests the hypothesis that introspection about personal beliefs regarding how humanitarian concerns should influence behavior will reduce underweighting of these concerns. We hypothesize that introspection will help people make judgments and decisions that better reflect their considered values. We propose a series of studies to test predictions derived from three basic ideas: (a) that people unknowingly weight concerns about others' welfare less than they believe they should weight those concerns, a bias in humanitarian judgment and decision making; (b) that introspection can increase awareness of the discrepancy between people's personal beliefs and their exhibited behavior; and (c) becoming aware of this discrepancy will lead people to reduce the inconsistency between their personal beliefs and behavior by increasing the weighting of others' welfare in their judgments and decisions. Understanding the role of humanitarian values in important personal and policy decisions has broad significance. Millions of lives and national and global security depend on these decisions. Do the political, social, economic, cultural, security, and humanitarian values that we assume should guide our decisions actually exist in some coherent and consistent form? If so, what are these considered values and how do we ensure that our decisions are in accord with these values? This research project aims to make a contribution toward answering these vital questions by examining the degree to which a simple introspection procedure can improve the coherence between one's own values and one?s actions in a variety of humanitarian decision contexts.The proposed research yields several intellectual contributions. First, the studies advance understanding of how introspection can improve decision making, in contrast with claims in the research literature that introspection and deliberation can harm decision quality. Second, by examining people's response to introspection about normative decision processes, the proposed studies advance understanding of how people monitor and revise attribute weighting when making decisions. This enables the researchers to differentiate between introspection and deliberation, concepts that are treated similarly in the literature. Third, given that people often have clear beliefs regarding how decisions should be made in specific contexts, the proposed research advances understanding of the extent to which people fail to behave according to those beliefs and how becoming aware of personal humanitarian values can increase the correspondence between those values and actual behavior.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
有充分的证据表明,人们在决定帮助处于困境中的人时,对人道主义目标的重视程度并不一致。大多数人认为,在决定慈善捐款、分配稀缺的医疗资源或为难民提供支持时,他们应该充分考虑他人的福利。然而,对个别受害者的巨大同情往往随着需要帮助的人数的增加而消退或消失。在某些情况下,情感上吸引人但规范上薄弱的属性可能优先于需求。结果导致的帮助他人的失败往往与一个人认为给予他们帮助的重要性相矛盾。这一提议检验了这样一个假设,即对个人信仰的内省,即人道主义关注如何影响行为,将减少对这些关注的低估。我们假设,内省将帮助人们做出判断和决定,更好地反映他们考虑的价值观。我们提出了一系列的研究来测试来自三个基本观点的预测:(a)人们在不知不觉中对他人福利的关注程度低于他们认为他们应该关注的程度,这是人道主义判断和决策的偏见;(B)内省可以提高人们对个人信仰与他们表现出的行为之间差异的认识;以及(c)意识到这种差异将导致人们通过在他们的判断和决定中增加他人福利的权重来减少他们个人信仰和行为之间的不一致性。理解人道主义价值观在重要的个人和政策决定中的作用具有广泛的意义。数百万人的生命以及国家和全球安全取决于这些决定。我们认为应该指导我们决策的政治、社会、经济、文化、安全和人道主义价值观是否以某种连贯一致的形式存在?如果是这样的话,这些价值观是什么,我们如何确保我们的决定与这些价值观雅阁?这个研究项目的目的是作出贡献,回答这些重要的问题,通过检查在何种程度上一个简单的内省程序可以提高自己的价值观和一个人之间的一致性?的行动在各种人道主义决策的背景下。拟议的研究产生了几个智力贡献。首先,这些研究促进了对内省如何改善决策的理解,与研究文献中内省和审议会损害决策质量的说法形成对比。其次,通过检查人们对规范决策过程的反思的反应,提出的研究促进了人们在决策时如何监测和修改属性权重的理解。这使研究人员能够区分内省和审议,在文献中被类似对待的概念。第三,鉴于人们通常对在特定情况下应该如何做出决策有明确的信念,该研究计划将有助于人们进一步了解人们在多大程度上未能按照这些信念行事,以及如何意识到个人的人道主义价值观可以增加这些价值观与实际行为之间的一致性。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命,并被认为值得通过使用基金会的学术价值和更广泛的影响审查标准。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(10)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Thinking, good and bad? Deliberative thinking and the singularity effect in charitable giving
  • DOI:
    10.1017/s1930297500009001
  • 发表时间:
    2022-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.5
  • 作者:
    Hajdi Moche;Tom Gordon-Hecker;Tehila Kogut;D. Västfjäll
  • 通讯作者:
    Hajdi Moche;Tom Gordon-Hecker;Tehila Kogut;D. Västfjäll
Norm avoiders: The effect of optional descriptive norms on charitable donations
规范规避者:可选描述性规范对慈善捐赠的影响
  • DOI:
    10.1002/bdm.2244
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2
  • 作者:
    Andersson, Per A.;Erlandsson, Arvid;Västfjäll, Daniel
  • 通讯作者:
    Västfjäll, Daniel
Unit Asking — a method for increasing donations: A replication and extension
单位询问——增加捐款的方法:复制和延伸
  • DOI:
    10.1017/s1930297500008184
  • 发表时间:
    2020
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.5
  • 作者:
    Hulda Karlsson;S. Hellström;Hajdi Moche;D. Västfjäll
  • 通讯作者:
    D. Västfjäll
Moral preferences in helping dilemmas expressed by matching and forced choice
  • DOI:
    10.1017/s1930297500007427
  • 发表时间:
    2020-07
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.5
  • 作者:
    Arvid Erlandsson;A. Lindkvist;Kajsa Lundqvist;Per A. Andersson;Stephan Dickert;P. Slovic;D. Västfjäll
  • 通讯作者:
    Arvid Erlandsson;A. Lindkvist;Kajsa Lundqvist;Per A. Andersson;Stephan Dickert;P. Slovic;D. Västfjäll
Prosocial and moral behavior under decision reveal in a public environment
公共环境中决策下的亲社会和道德行为
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Paul Slovic其他文献

Ideological diversity of media consumption predicts COVID-19 vaccination
媒体消费的思想多样性可预测 COVID-19 疫苗接种情况
  • DOI:
    10.1038/s41598-024-77408-4
  • 发表时间:
    2024-11-22
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    3.900
  • 作者:
    Marrissa D. Grant;David M. Markowitz;David K. Sherman;Alexandra Flores;Stephan Dickert;Kimin Eom;Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy;Tehila Kogut;Marcus Mayorga;David Oonk;Eric J. Pedersen;Beatriz Pereira;Enrico Rubaltelli;Paul Slovic;Daniel V√§stfj√§ll;Leaf Van Boven
  • 通讯作者:
    Leaf Van Boven
The More Who Die, the Less We Care
  • DOI:
    10.4324/9781849776677-12
  • 发表时间:
    2010
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Paul Slovic
  • 通讯作者:
    Paul Slovic
An analysis-of-variance model for the assessment of configural cue utilization in clinical judgment.
用于评估临床判断中配置线索利用的方差分析模型。
  • DOI:
    10.1037/h0025665
  • 发表时间:
    1968
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    22.4
  • 作者:
    Paul J. Hoffman;Paul Slovic;L. G. Rorer
  • 通讯作者:
    L. G. Rorer
The risk game.
风险游戏。
Public perceptions of electric power transmission lines
  • DOI:
    10.1016/s0272-4944(88)80021-5
  • 发表时间:
    1988-03-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
  • 作者:
    Lita Furby;Paul Slovic;Baruch Fischhoff;Robin Gregory
  • 通讯作者:
    Robin Gregory

Paul Slovic的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Paul Slovic', 18)}}的其他基金

NSF-BSF: Willingness to Vaccinate Against COVID-19: Psychological Mechanisms and Ways to Increase Responsiveness
NSF-BSF:接种 COVID-19 疫苗的意愿:心理机制和提高反应能力的方法
  • 批准号:
    2411613
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
NSF-BSF: Willingness to Vaccinate Against COVID-19: Psychological Mechanisms and Ways to Increase Responsiveness
NSF-BSF:接种 COVID-19 疫苗的意愿:心理机制和提高反应能力的方法
  • 批准号:
    2149450
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Psychological mechanisms behind organ donation decisions
器官捐献决策背后的心理机制
  • 批准号:
    1559546
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Understanding Decisions About Foreign Policy Interventions to Save Lives
了解有关拯救生命的外交政策干预的决定
  • 批准号:
    1440074
  • 财政年份:
    2014
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
The Arithmetic of Compassion: Confronting the Challenge of Pseudoinefficacy in Charitable Giving
同情心的算术:面对慈善捐赠中的伪无效的挑战
  • 批准号:
    1427414
  • 财政年份:
    2014
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Valuing Lives You Can Save: Understanding and Combatting Value Collapse as Numbers Increase
重视您可以挽救的生命:理解并应对随着数字增加而导致的价值崩溃
  • 批准号:
    1227729
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
The Singularity Effect of Identifiable Victims
可识别受害者的奇点效应
  • 批准号:
    1127509
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
The Life You Can Save: Affective and Deliberative Processes Motivating Charitable Decisions
您可以拯救的生命:推动慈善决策的情感和深思熟虑的过程
  • 批准号:
    1024808
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
The Interaction of Affect and Deliberation in Decision Making
决策中情感与深思熟虑的相互作用
  • 批准号:
    0241313
  • 财政年份:
    2003
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Research in DRMS: Global Climate Change: Risk Perceptions and Behavior
DRMS 博士论文研究:全球气候变化:风险认知和行为
  • 批准号:
    0221896
  • 财政年份:
    2002
  • 资助金额:
    $ 43万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant

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MiDiario:用我自己的话反思和自省的糖尿病移动干预
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