Parental Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion

摘要：《父母监禁与代际社会排斥》（Hagan & Foster）问题：父母入狱会产生什么影响？美国的监禁率是20世纪70年代的四倍，是欧洲和斯堪的纳维亚国家的六到十倍，而且大多数被监禁的美国人都是父母。在国家青少年健康纵向研究中，美国年轻人的样本包括2086名父亲在监狱或监狱度过的儿子和女儿，这些父亲在美国监禁的高峰时期。这项建议涉及合作收集新数据，这些数据将揭示Add Health父母被监禁的时间和频率，以便我们能够追踪这种父母监禁对其子女从青春期中期到成年早期的影响。由于父母监禁，这些青少年面临的“社会排斥”风险可能有多种形式：法律（刑事司法接触）；社会经济(无家可归);政治（剥夺选举权）；健康(uninsuredness);文化（电子断开）、社会（孤立）；还有宗教（精神上的解脱）。我们面临的挑战是加深和拓宽我们对监禁父母的跨代后果的理解。更广泛的影响：父母监禁子女的排他性后果有多广泛和深远？受教育程度较低的非洲裔和拉美裔美国人的父母比美国白人父母更有可能被监禁。收集有关父母监禁时间和频率的数据将创造一个无与伦比的机会，在美国监禁率上升的独特时期，在全国具有代表性的样本中检查父母监禁的影响。添加健康样本将允许跨种族/族裔群体进行分析，包括关注在犯罪研究中很少考虑的西班牙裔家庭。这项研究将考虑母亲和女儿以及父亲和儿子，还将包括继父母。Add Health调查中包含的广泛的排他性结果将允许对父母监禁对几代人的影响进行全面评估。值得注意的是，所衡量的每一个排除领域都涉及法律控制或证明的某些因素，这表明这项研究的结果将对法律管制和改革产生影响。通过将父母监禁史添加到具有全国代表性和历史上独特的Add Health数据中，本研究将显着扩大机会，以了解目前与法律干预有关的广泛的社会排斥风险，这些风险涉及两代独特的美国家庭的生命历程转变。没有其他数据集可以提供如此可靠的跨代测量可能性，在这个关键时刻捕捉到一个历史上独特的国家大规模监禁实验所带来的生命历程后果。

Abstract: "Parental Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion" (Hagan & Foster)The Problem: What difference does it make to have a parent in prison? American incarceration is four times larger than in the 1970s, six to ten times greater than in European and Scandinavian countries, and the majority of Americans who are imprisoned are parents. The sample of young Americans in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health [Add Health] includes 2086 sons and daughters of fathers who have spent time in jail or prison during the peak growth years of incarceration in this country. This proposal involves collaboration in the collection of new data that will reveal the timing and frequency of the imprisonment of Add Health parents, so that we can trace the impact of this parental imprisonment on their sons and daughters from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. The risks of "social exclusion" these youth confront as a result of parental incarceration may take multiple forms: legal (criminal justice contacts); socio-economic (homelessness); political (electoral disenfranchisement); health (uninsuredness); cultural (electronic disconnection), social (isolation); and religious (spiritual removal). The challenge is to deepen and broaden our understanding of the cross generational consequences of incarcerating parents.Broader Impact: How expansive and far ranging are the exclusionary consequences of parental imprisonment for their children? Less educated, African- and Hispanic-American parents are more at risk of imprisonment than white American parents. The collection of data on the timing and frequency of parental imprisonment will create an unparalleled opportunity to examine the effects of parental imprisonment in a nationally representative sample during a unique period of elevated incarceration in the United States. The Add Health sample will allow analysis across racial/ethnic groups, including attention to Hispanic families who are seldom considered in crime research. The research will consider mothers and daughters as well as fathers and sons, and it will also include step-parents. The wide array of exclusionary outcomes included in the Add Health survey will allow a comprehensive assessment of the impact across generations of parental incarceration. It is noteworthy that each of the exclusionary domains measured involves some element of legal control or certification, indicating that findings from this research will have implications for legal regulation and reform. By adding parental incarceration histories to the nationally representative and historically unique Add Health data, this research will markedly expand opportunities to understand wide ranging risks of social exclusion currently associated with legal interventions across the life course transitions of two unique generations of American families. There is no other data set that can offer such robust measurement possibilities across generations, capturing at this crucial moment the unfolding life course consequences of a historically unique national experiment with mass incarceration.