Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Metals and Imperial Strategies of Administration in the Provinces: The Inka Presence in the Tarapaca Valley, Northern Chile

在查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士的指导下，科琳·唐利将研究因卡人在智利北部塔拉帕卡山谷的合并，重点关注采矿和冶金如何塑造了因卡人在这个省级山谷的存在，以及当地土著群体如何与帝国权力联系在一起。塔拉帕卡山谷和阿塔卡马沙漠作为一个整体，在整个史前时期都是安第斯山脉中南部一系列政治实体的重要金属来源，并且拥有悠久的冶金技术历史。该地区在15世纪后期被印卡帝国吞并，民族历史资料和跨文化比较表明，金属开采是帝国占领的主要焦点。唐利女士的研究将对塔拉帕卡山谷的几个部分进行定居调查，并对印卡时期（公元1400-1532年）的冶金和行政场所进行更深入的测绘、地面收集和挖掘，以检查印卡人对山谷的政治控制及其与当地金属开采和成品生产管理的关系。此外，收集和分析冶金活动遗留的材料（熔炉碎片、炉渣、生产碎片和金属物体）将用于分析帝国影响对冶金技术的可能影响以及金属生产的组织方式。因卡人的征服对整个安第斯帝国的影响各不相同，这取决于帝国的目标和动机，以及当地的政治基础设施和资源的可用性。通过研究帝国和地方遗址之间的功能和空间关系，以及两个群体同时占据的遗址，本研究将解决一些重要的人类学问题，这些问题对社会科学具有广泛的兴趣。其中包括政治实体管理经济资源获取的策略，文化接触和征服对技术和生产组织的影响，以及在与征服相关的经济和政治条件变化下物质文化发生变化的方式。这项拟议的研究将对塔拉帕卡山谷的当地社区、对印卡帝国的理解以及更广泛的人类学理论做出贡献。公共宣传将集中在帕奇卡、塔拉帕卡和瓦拉西纳的村庄，并将以讲座、课堂参观和捐赠时间和金钱的形式进行，以帮助建立一个当地的研究中心。有关该项目的资料将通过一个网站向公众提供，并将在诸如同行评议的期刊和编辑的书籍等学术论坛上提供其他出版物作为补充。虽然社会科学家研究帝国已经有几个世纪了，但直到最近几十年，考古学家才放弃了以首都为中心的观点，转而认真地把地方和省级地区作为帝国体系的关键组成部分。印卡对智利北部外围地区的影响是一个主要的研究领域，可以为这一日益增长的理论和实证文献做出贡献。在塔拉帕卡的研究将加强我们对金属和一般经济需求如何影响印卡省管理策略以及当地对帝国权威的反应的理解。这些数据将与继续发展对世界上其他工业化前帝国的社会经济和政治结构的人类学理解有关。最后，该项目将作为作者博士论文的数据来源，以及为来自美国、智利和秘鲁的年轻考古学家提供实地方法培训的途径。

Under the direction of Dr. Charles Stanish, Colleen Donley will examine the Inka incorporation of the Tarapaca Valley of northern Chile, focusing on how mining and metallurgy may have shaped the Inka presence in this provincial valley, as well as how local indigenous groups articulated with this imperial power. The Tarapaca Valley, and the Atacama Desert as a whole, were an important source of metals for a succession of political entities in the south-central Andes throughout prehistory and have a long history of metallurgical technology. The region was incorporated by the Inka empire in the late 15th century, and ethnohistoric data and cross-cultural comparisons suggest that metal extraction was a primary focus of the imperial occupation. Ms. Donley's research will employ settlement survey of several sections of the Tarapaca Valley, and more intensive mapping, surface collection, and excavation of Inka period (AD 1400-1532) metallurgy and administrative sites to examine Inka political control of the valley and its relationship with the management of local metal extraction and the production of finished goods. In addition, the collection and analysis of the materials remains of metallurgical activities (furnace fragments, slag, production debris, and metal objects) will be used to analyze the possible impacts of imperial influence on metallurgical technology and the ways in which production of metals was organized. The impacts of Inka conquest varied throughout its Andean empire, depending on imperial goals and motivations, as well as local political infrastructure and resource availability. By examining the functional and spatial relationships between imperial and local sites, as well as sites occupied by both groups concurrently, this research will address a number of important anthropological issues that are of broad interest to the social sciences. These include the strategies by which access to economic resources is managed by political entities, the impacts of culture contact and conquest on technology and the organization of production, and the ways in which changes in material culture occur under the shifting economic and political conditions associated with conquest. The proposed research will make contributions to the local communities of the Tarapaca Valley, to the understanding of Inka empire, as well as to broader anthropological theory. Public outreach will focus on the villages of Pachica, Tarapaca, and Huarasina, and will be conducted in the form of lectures, classroom visits, and donations of time and money to help develop a local research center. Information about the project will be made accessible to the public through a website, which will be complemented by additional publications in scholarly forums such as peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes. Although social scientists have studied empires for centuries, only in recent decades have archaeologists moved away from a capital-centric view and seriously focused on local and provincial areas as key components of imperial systems. The Inka impact on the peripheral region of northern Chile stands as a major research area that can contribute to this growing body of theoretical and empirical literature. Research in Tarapaca will strengthen our understanding of how metal, and economic needs in general, may have influenced Inka strategies of provincial administration, as well as local responses to imperial authority. These data will be relevant in the continuing development of an anthropological understanding of the socio-economic and political structure of other pre-industrial empires around the world. Finally, this project will serve as the source of data for the author's doctoral dissertation, as well as an avenue for training in field methods for young archaeologists from both the United States, Chile, and Peru.