HSD: Anthropological Modeling of Social Structure, Genetics, and Language Speciation in Indonesia

该项目将与印度尼西亚研究人员和公共卫生小组合作，从印度尼西亚群岛的村庄收集遗传、语言、医学、人口和环境数据。这些数据将用于建立和测试数学模型，以提高我们对种群遗传结构、语言变化的起源以及影响疟疾、肝炎、结核病和登革热等疾病易感性的遗传变异的理解。直到最近，大多数关于人类遗传学和语言的研究都集中在大规模的区域或大陆模式上，但所有这些模式都起源于相互作用的个体社区。对一些染色体进行更详细遗传分析的新技术将用于研究群落尺度上遗传亲缘关系模式的出现。遗传学、人口统计学、语言变化和疾病传播是相互作用的过程。语言障碍可以维持遗传变异，而乙型肝炎等疾病的流行反映了历史上的人口流动。直到最近，在少数几个地点进行的极其有限的基因采样代表了整个2.4亿印度尼西亚人口。为该项目收集的样本将包含相关的医学、家谱、语言学和社会学数据，这些数据将共同形成一个独特的人类学数据集。新的数学和计算工具将使在以前未曾观察到的时间和空间尺度上分析这些数据成为可能。该项目将支持持续发展新的数学和计算方法，用于分析过去5000年来社区规模上的遗传、人口和语言过程。该项目的重点是社区规模的过程和基因-语言共同进化，这将定义一个特定的研究领域，需要新的计算和分析工具。这些新工具将使研究人员能够建模和推断人口统计过程对遗传模式和语言进化的影响（例如基因/语言共同进化的人类学模型，中性进化与方向选择，漂移和变异效应）。Eijkman分子生物学研究所的研究人员将在这个项目上进行合作。该项目还将为学生提供教育和培训机会，并将在英国一家主要电视制作公司的协助下完成一个半小时的视频节目“印度尼西亚的起源：基因、语言和文化”。研究人员还将与旧金山科学探索博物馆的工作人员合作，制作用于视频和展览形式的材料。2007财年美国国家科学基金会（nsf）人类与社会动力学（HSD）竞赛的一个奖项支持该项目。所有NSF理事会和办公室都参与了HSD竞赛和HSD奖项组合的协调管理。

In collaboration with Indonesian researchers and public health teams, this project will gather genetic, linguistic, medical, demographic, and environmental data from villages in the Indonesian archipelago. The data will be used to build and test mathematical models to improve our understanding of the genetic structure of populations, the origins of language change, and genetic variation affecting susceptibility to diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and dengue. Until recently, most studies of human genetics and languages focused on large-scale regional or continental patterns, but all such patterns originate in communities of interacting individuals. Newly available techniques for more detailed genetic analyses on several chromosomes will be used to investigate the emergence of patterns of genetic relatedness at the community scale. Genetics, demography, language change, and the spread of diseases are strongly interactive processes. Language barriers can maintain genetic variation, while the prevalence of diseases such as hepatitis B reflects historic population movements. Until recently, the entire 240 million population of Indonesia was represented by extremely limited genetic sampling at a handful of sites. Samples collected for this project will have associated medical, genealogical, linguistic, and sociological data, which together will form a unique anthropological dataset. New mathematical and computational tools will make possible the analysis of this data on a scale of time and space that previously has not been observed. This project will support continuing development of novel mathematical and computational methods for the analysis of genetic, demographic, and linguistic processes at the community scale over the last 5,000 years. The project's focus on community-scale processes and on gene-language co-evolution will define a specific domain of research requiring new computational and analytical tools. These new tools will enable researchers to both model and infer the effects of demographic processes on genetic patterns and language evolution (e.g. anthropological models of gene/language coevolution, neutral evolution vs. directional selection, drift and variance effects). Researchers at the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology will collaborate on this project. The project also will provide education and training opportunities for students, and it will result in completion of a half-hour video program, "Indonesian Origins: genes, languages and cultures," with assistance from a leading British television production company. The researchers also will work with staff at San Francisco's Exploratorium museum of science to create materials for use in both video and exhibit formats. An award resulting from the FY 2007 NSF-wide competition on Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) supports this project. All NSF directorates and offices are involved in the coordinated management of the HSD competition and the portfolio of HSD awards.