Development of a model to predict sexist behaviors considering personal and situational variables

到目前为止，这个研究项目非常成功。我们设计了一个预测性别歧视行为的模型，填补了性别歧视研究的核心空白。首先，我们证明了外显（但不是内隐）善意的性别歧视态度可以预测善意的性别歧视行为，而外显（但不是内隐）敌意的性别歧视态度可以预测敌意的性别歧视行为。我们还想检查-双重解离-。也就是说，我们测试了内隐态度是否预测自发的性别歧视行为，而外显态度是否预测蓄意的性别歧视行为。然而，在我们的研究中没有发现双重解离的证据。在更新提案中，我们建议使用一个新的范式来检验这一假设。第二，性别歧视行为的表达受情境变量（目标人、地点、被动经历过程和人际交往）的调节。由于dfg审稿人的重要意见，我们对项目进行了轻微的修改。作为第三个额外的重点，我们增加了关于面对性别歧视行为的研究。两项研究调查了应对性别歧视行为的最佳方式。我们证明了女性和男性更喜欢非攻击性的对抗形式（与攻击性的对抗相比），然而，与没有任何回应（例如，对性别歧视的自我沉默）相比，他们更喜欢所有形式的对抗。到目前为止，已经发表了两篇项目手稿；另外两份手稿正在审查中（一份初步接受，另一份请修改）。在一个为期24个月的项目结束后，在之前工作的基础上出现了重要的研究问题。因此，我们申请将项目延期24个月。更新提案有三个主要目标。首先，我们的目的是在两项研究中以一种改进的范式来检验双重分离假说。第二，完成情境情境在性别歧视行为预测中的作用研究。为此，我们计划进行进一步的研究，并撰写一篇论文。第三，我们计划继续研究应对性别歧视的最佳方式，并引入跨文化比较。我们希望我们在德国发现的结果不适用于集体主义文化（例如，亚洲背景）。由于在集体主义国家中建立群体和谐是至关重要的，我们期望没有反应（例如，对性别歧视的自我沉默）比各种性别歧视行为的对抗更可取。因此，我们的研究可以表明，文化在感知和对抗性别歧视行为方面发挥着重要作用。

The research project has been very successful, so far. We designed a model to predict sexist behavior, which fills a central gap in sexism research. First, we demonstrated that explicit (but not implicit) benevolent sexist attitudes can predict benevolent sexist behavior, whereas explicit (but not implicit) hostile sexist attitudes predict hostile sexist behavior. We also wanted to examine -double dissociation-. That is, we tested whether implicit attitudes predict spontaneous sexist behavior, whereas explicit attitudes predict deliberate sexist behavior. However, we did not find evidence for double dissociation in our studies. In the renewal proposal, we suggest to test this hypothesis using a new paradigm. Second, we found evidence that the expression of sexist behaviors is moderated by the situation variables target person, locations, passively experienced processes and interpersonal associates. We slightly modified the project due to important comments of the DFG-reviewers. As a third, additional focus, we added research on confronting sexist behaviors. Optimal ways of responding towards sexist behaviors were investigated in two studies. We demonstrated that women and men prefer non-aggressive forms of confrontation (in comparison to aggressive confrontation), however they prefer all forms of confrontation in comparison to the absence of any response (e.g., self-silencing to sexism). So far, two manuscripts of the project have been published; two additional manuscripts are under review (one is -preliminary accepted-, the other one invited for a revision). After a project duration of 24 months, important research questions have arisen that build on the prior work. Therefore we apply for a renewal of the project for further 24 months. The renewal proposal has three main objectives. First, we aim to examine the -double dissociation- hypothesis with an improved paradigm in two studies. Second, we aim to complete the research regarding the role of the situational context in predicting sexist behaviors. For this purpose, we plan to conduct a further study and to write a manuscript. Third, we plan to continue the research of optimal ways to respond to sexism and introduce a cross-cultural comparison. We are expecting that the results which we have found in Germany are not applicable to collectivistic cultures (e.g., the Asian context). Since the establishment of harmony in groups is crucial in collectivistic countries, we expect that the absence of a reaction (e.g., self-silencing to sexism) is preferred to all kinds of confrontation of sexist behavior. Our research could thereby show that culture plays an important role in the perception and confrontation of sexist behavior.