In Situ Measurements of Stratospheric Aerosol Size Distributions and Their Use in a New Aerosol Surface Area Climatology

该项目重点关注怀俄明州拉勒米（41°N, 106°W）的垂直剖面，地表至~31 km，气溶胶大小和浓度测量，并继续分析拉勒米自1971年以来的平流层气溶胶的新记录和历史记录，以改进可以从记录中得出的内容，并使测量结果对建模界更有用。平流层气溶胶通过散射太阳辐射和影响极地和中纬度臭氧，在平流层的辐射和化学平衡中起着重要作用。在极地地区，平流层气溶胶为极地平流层云提供核，使氯活化。在中纬度地区，它们通过对氯和氮循环的影响影响臭氧。除了直接测量外，其他活动还包括：完成原位测量和激光雷达测量之间的新比较，以更新激光雷达测量可用的后向散射与消光比和后向散射与表面积比；完成对原位光学粒子计数器（OPC）和卫星（SAGE II）测量数据的分析，以了解OPC衍生的非火山期灭绝数据低估SAGE II灭绝数据的原因；应用SAGE II消光比较来细化由SAGE II测量得出的气溶胶表面积，这大约是OPC测量估计的一半；利用气球平台，方便中学生和科学教师探索地球大气层的最低两层。

This project is focused on vertical profile, surface to ~31 km, aerosol size and concentration measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N, 106°W), and continuing the analysis of the new and historical record of stratospheric aerosol from Laramie, extending back to 1971, to refine what can be derived from the record and to make the measurements more useful to the modeling community. Stratospheric aerosol play important roles in the radiation and chemical balance of the stratosphere through scattering solar radiation and influencing both polar and mid latitude ozone. In the polar regions stratospheric aerosol provide the nuclei for polar stratospheric clouds, which activate chlorine. In the mid latitudes they influence ozone through their impact on the chlorine and nitrogen cycles. In addition to the direct measurements, other activities include: completing new comparisons between in situ and lidar measurements to update the backscatter to extinction and backscatter to surface area ratios available for lidar measurements; completing an analysis of in situ optical particle counter (OPC) and satellite (SAGE II) measurements to understand the source of an underestimation of SAGE II extinctions by OPC derived extinctions during non-volcanic periods; applying the SAGE II comparisons of extinction to refine the aerosol surface area derived from SAGE II measurements, which is approximately half that estimated from OPC measurements; using balloon platforms to facilitate the exploration of the two lowest layers of the Earth's atmosphere by middle and secondary school students and science teachers.