Balloon-Borne In Situ Measurements of Aerosol Size and Concentration in the Mid Latitudes and Tropics

中纬度和热带地区气溶胶尺寸和浓度的气球载原位测量

• 批准号: 0437406
• 负责人: Terry Deshler
• 金额: $ 79.92万
• 依托单位: University of Wyoming
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-01-01 至 2009-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0437406&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Balloon; Borne; Situ; Measurements; Aerosol

This project will continue and extend vertical (surface to 33 km) profiles of aerosol size and concentration measurements at Laramie, Wyoming, a mid-latitude site. Extended measurements will add new size-resolved concentration measurements for aerosol between 0.03 and 0.15 micrometers in diameter, and tropical measurements from Natal, Brazil. The balloon-borne measurements will be conducted at bi-monthly intervals from Laramie and annually from Natal over five years. A collaboration with the University of Cambridge will permit exploratory measurements of OCS (carbonyl sulfide) and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) in conjunction with some aerosol profiles. An additional collaboration with the Danish Meteorological Institute will add backscattering measurements and modeling expertise to the tropical work. Continuing stratospheric aerosol measurements at Laramie is essential to help establish, unequivocally, stratospheric aerosol levels during volcanically-quiescent, "background," periods. The sulfur sources necessary to maintain background aerosol levels, and the extent of perturbations to stratospheric aerosol, are still uncertain. The Laramie record is the longest sustained record of stratospheric aerosol existent, and thus favorably positioned to address these questions. New measurements of smaller particles will address a persistent discrepancy between satellite and in situ estimates of aerosol surface area during background periods, when small particles control surface area. In the event of a large tropical volcanic eruption, the measurement focus will shift to the fresh volcanic plume. The annual tropical measurements are exploratory to address several questions, such as, how well do mid- and high latitude size distributions characterize aerosol in the tropics. The tropical measurements will also test earlier tropical stratospheric measurements of new particle formation and large particle layers, and whether models properly account for the stratospheric aerosol source gases OCS/SO2.Stratospheric aerosols have broad impacts on the atmosphere and thus on society. Modeling of global stratospheric ozone requires accurate estimates of aerosol surface area. Major volcanic eruptions produce direct impacts on ozone through heterogeneous chemistry, involving chlorine, and on radiation leading to stratospheric warming and tropospheric cooling. Tropospheric aerosols have even more far reaching impacts on radiation both directly and through their impact on clouds. This project will promote the teaching and training of graduate and postgraduate students.

该项目将继续并将垂直（表面至33 km）的气溶胶大小和浓度测量值的垂直（33公里）延伸，位于中纬度位置的Laramie，Wyoming。 扩展的测量结果将增加新的尺寸分辨浓度测量值，用于直径为0.03至0.15微米之间的气溶胶，以及来自巴西纳塔尔的热带测量值。 气球传播的测量将以每两个月的间隔从拉勒米进行，每年从纳塔尔进行五年。 与剑桥大学的合作将允许对OCS（羰基硫化物）和SO2（二氧化硫）的探索性测量以及一些气溶胶剖面。 与丹麦气象研究所的另一个合作将为热带工作增加反向散射的测量和建模专业知识。 在Laramie处继续进行平流层气溶胶测量对于有助于在火山质量的“背景”期间，明确建立平流层气溶胶水平至关重要。 维持背景气溶胶水平所需的硫来源以及对平流层气溶胶的扰动程度仍然不确定。 Laramie的记录是存在平流层气溶胶的最长持续记录，因此在解决这些问题方面有利。 较小颗粒的新测量将解决卫星和原位估计在背景周期内的气溶胶表面积（小颗粒控制表面积）之间的持续差异。 如果发生大型热带火山喷发，测量重点将转移到新鲜的火山羽流。 年度热带测量是探索性的，可以解决几个问题，例如，在热带地区的气溶胶中，中和高纬度尺寸分布的表现如何。 热带测量还将测试新的颗粒形成和大颗粒层的早期热带平流层测量值，以及模型是否正确地解释了平流层气溶胶源气体OCS/SO2.SO2.STRATOPHENS AILOSOLS对大气以及对社会产生广泛的影响。 整体平流层臭氧的建模需要对气溶胶表面积的准确估计。 主要的火山喷发通过涉及氯的异质化学和辐射导致平流层变暖和对流层冷却对臭氧产生直接影响。 对流层气溶胶直接和通过对云的影响都对辐射产生了更大的影响。 该项目将促进研究生和研究生的教学和培训。