The Effects of Sadness Versus Gratitude on Economic Decision Making and Addictive Behavior

情绪科学中的评估倾向框架（ATF）描述了不同的情绪如何影响个人做出的决定，甚至是与引发这种情绪的事件或环境无关的事情。例如，ATF正确地预测，悲伤的经历使人们愿意花更多的钱来获得标准的经济商品和服务。目前的研究测试了ATF对参与亲社会行为的意愿和对成瘾物质消费的决定的预测，对于这些情绪可能有不同的，潜在的更强的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于我们更深入地理解情感对选择的影响，并对解决药物滥用问题的干预措施的设计具有潜在的广泛意义。主要研究者将进行五项实验，测试通过实验诱导悲伤或感激是否可以改变简单的利他主义、合作、香烟价值和沉没成本效应，以及感激是否可以抵消悲伤的影响。ATF预测，悲伤和感激会对亲社会行为和成瘾行为产生不同的影响，感激会增加亲社会行为，减少香烟消费，而悲伤则相反。

The Appraisal-tendency framework (ATF) in emotion science describes how different emotions act to color the decisions an individual makes, even about things unrelated to the events or circumstances that induced the emotion. ATF correctly predicts, for example, that the experience of sadness makes people willing to pay more to acquire standard economic goods and services. The current research tests predictions of ATF regarding willingness to engage in pro-social behavior and decisions about consumption of addictive substances, for which emotions may have different, and potentially stronger, effects. The results of this research will contribute to our deeper understanding of the influence of affect on choice, as well as having potentially broad implications for the design of interventions to address substance abuse problems. The Principal Investigators will conduct five experiments that test whether experimentally inducing sadness or gratitude can alter simple altruism, cooperation, cigarette valuation, and sunk cost effects regarding cigarette consumption, and whether gratitude can counteract the effects of sadness. ATF predicts that sadness and gratitude will have diverging effects on pro-social behavior and addictive behavior, with gratitude increasing prosociality and reducing cigarette consumption and sadness doing the opposite.