CRII: CHS: Dark Patterns, Pragmatist Ethics, and User Experience

本研究旨在探讨资讯科技使用者体验(UX)实践的伦理意涵，并找出可用来在教育与实践领域有效地表达伦理关切的方法。具体的焦点是“暗模式”，这是一个术语，指的是用户体验被操纵的用户体验，利用对人类行为和最终用户的期望的知识，以实现不符合用户最佳利益的欺骗性功能。这项研究将调查专业用户体验设计师和学生如何使用或避免道德决策形式，从而导致在他们的最终设计中有意或无意地使用黑色图案。其目的是记录设计师如何做出与伦理相关的决定，并了解他们对他们创造的设计的直接和更广泛的影响的认识程度。这项工作将确定在专业实践中提高伦理意识的方法工具包，同时也为UX设计者的正规教育提供信息。研究将包括专业UX设计者和在不同环境中处理各种问题的学生。将使用人工制品分析、实地研究、用户调查和采访以及认知协议的三角测量来改进对现实世界环境的泛化。两个阶段的研究将确定与黑暗模式有关的伦理意识的性质。在第一阶段，将创建一个语料库，全面记录以伦理为中心的设计方法、工具和途径，以及以批判性和日常设计为例的黑色图案。第二阶段将建立在对黑暗模式的全面理解的基础上，并记录用户体验从业者和学生如何在他们的设计过程和输出中感知伦理问题。此外，我们还将记录终端用户如何体验黑暗模式。由此产生的对伦理意识的理解将被用来确定从业者和教学重点的领域。这些研究将扩大我们对使用以价值为中心的设计方法的潜在影响的理解，以提高对设计决策的伦理含义的认识。

This research investigates ethical implications of information technology user experience (UX) practice, and the identification of methods which can be used to effectively surface ethical concerns in education and practice domains. The specific focus is "dark patterns," a term for UX design practices where user experiences are manipulated, using knowledge of human behavior and the desires of end users in order to implement deceptive functionality that is not in the user's best interest. The research will investigate how professional UX designers and students employ or avoid ethical forms of decision making, resulting in intentional or unintentional use of dark patterns in their final designs. The goal is to document how designers make decisions in relation to ethical concerns, and to understand what degree of awareness they have of the immediate and broader impacts of the designs they create. The work will result in identification of a toolkit of methods that increase ethical awareness in professional practice, while also informing the formal education of UX designers.Studies will include professional UX designers and students working in differing settings on varied problems. A triangulation of artifact analysis, field studies, user surveys and interviews, and cognitive protocols will be used to improve generalization to real world settings. Two phases of research will identify the nature of ethical awareness in relation to dark patterns. In Phase 1, corpora will be created that comprehensively document ethically-centered design methods, tools, and approaches alongside critically-focused and everyday designs that exemplify dark patterns. Phase 2 will build upon this comprehensive understanding of dark patterns, and document how UX practitioners and students perceive ethical issues in their design processes and output. In addition, we will document how end users experience dark patterns. The resulting understandings of ethical awareness will be used to identify areas for practitioner and pedagogical focus. These studies will expand our understanding of the potential impact of using value-centered design methods to increase awareness of the ethical implications of design decisions.