Standard: RR: Authors Without Borders: Continuing Investigation of International Authorship Norms among Scientists and Engineers

在科学领域，研究论文或报告的作者身份被广泛用作科学成功的指标。这可能在任何合作中导致重大冲突，但是国际合作在伦理问题和与科学作者相关的冲突方面提出了独特的挑战。关于科学作者身份的社会规范在不同的国家背景下存在显著差异，这可能会造成混淆或冲突，而这种混淆或冲突在国内形式的科学合作中并不常见。该项目将通过研究围绕科学作者身份的国际规范、国际合作中作者身份冲突的来源和解释，以及研究人员所生活的社会在多大程度上影响了他们对作者身份实践的看法，来探索这些问题。在这样做的过程中，它将确定有效国际合作的障碍，并制定一套最佳做法和一套准则来解决科学作者冲突的根源。研究结果还将用于为国内和国际科学家编写关于这些问题的教育材料。这项关于作者身份规范和围绕科学作者身份问题的冲突的跨国研究将为在国内和国际上广泛传播一系列科学学科发展一项社会调查。该项目将扩展这些研究人员先前的研究，他们在四个国家的两个学科中研究了这些问题。该项目的调查将以试点研究的调查结果为基础，并将被翻译成13种语言，提供给在82个国家从事各种学科工作的科学家。调查将包括人口统计问题、开放式回答和李克特量表调查项目，测量国际合作中作者身份实践的同意和不同意程度。该调查将产生定性和定量数据，将使用已建立的定性和定量分析软件进行分析。这项研究的结果将在出版物和会议上传播，并通过将其纳入促进负责任的研究行为的现有培训模块来传播。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

In science, authorship of a research article or report is widely used as an indicator of scientific success. This can result in significant conflict in any collaboration, but international collaborations pose unique challenges with respect to ethical issues and conflict related to scientific authorship. Social norms about scientific authorship differ markedly across national contexts in ways that may create confusion or conflict to an extent not typical in domestic forms of scientific collaboration. This project will explore these issues by studying international norms surrounding scientific authorship, sources and explanations for conflict surrounding authorship in international collaborations, and the extent to which the society in which a researcher lives shapes their ideas about authorship practices. In doing so it will identify roadblocks to effective international collaboration, and develop a set of best practices and a set of guidelines to address sources of conflict in scientific authorship. Findings will also be used to develop educational materials on these issues for domestic and international scientists.This cross-national study of authorship norms and of conflict surrounding issues of scientific authorship will develop a social survey for national and international dissemination across a wide array of scientific disciplines. This project will expand upon a previous study by these investigators in which they researched these issues in two disciplines across four nations. Surveys for this project will be based on those from the pilot study and will be translated into thirteen languages and administered to scientists working in eighty-two nations in a wide-variety of disciplines. The survey will consist of demographic questions, open-ended responses, and Likert-scale survey items measuring levels of agreement and disagreement about authorship practices in international collaborations. The survey will yield qualitative and quantitative data that will be analyzed using established qualitative and quantitative analysis software. Findings from the study will be disseminated in publications and conferences, and through their integration into existing training modules for promoting responsible conduct of research.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.