Distributed real-time method for congestion management in electrical transmission systems considering HVDC-links and redispatch

由于可再生能源的大规模整合和电力的跨国贸易，欧洲输电网在跨境互联和国家电网内部都将面临严重的网络拥塞。同时，输电系统运营商（tso）承诺按照N-1标准运行电网，该标准要求在任何可信场景下，任何单个设备的损失都能保证网络运行的安全性。风能和太阳能发电的不确定性增加了这些情景的数量和传播，导致最经济的发电厂和可再生能源由于网络限制而削减发电。为了减轻这种影响，可以考虑可以执行的应对措施，以应对设备的情况或损失，并在适当的时候减少过载。在研究中，针对这一问题提出了集中优化方法，从而提出适当的拓扑对策或重新配置发电和负荷（重新调度）的建议。这些方法表现出一些缺点：在欧洲网络中，没有中心实体获得完整的系统视图（由于各种tso的存在），由于计算长度，优化不能实时执行大规模系统，并且只考虑N-1而不考虑任意网络情况（N-2到N-k）。因此，需要解决以下科学问题，这也是本研究项目将要解决的问题：在系统信息不完全和任意网络情况（N-1，N-2到N-k）下，如何实时鲁棒地解除网络设备的过载？该项目的方法建立在DFG研究单位FOR1511过程中“分散协调功率流控制器以提高传输容量和安全性”项目的初步工作基础上。在该项目中，开发了一种适应不可预见网络情况的分布式交流潮流控制器实时协调系统。在此基础上，研究如何将高压直流输电技术的潮流控制集成到交流潮流协调控制中。此外，将进行基础研究，以调查如何通过分布式系统实现协调的实时再调度，以便在发电端和消费端（例如电动汽车、存储）都部署灵活性，以减轻关键网络情况下网络设备的过载。

Due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources and transnational trade of electricity, the European transmission network will face significant network congestion both at cross-border interconnections and internally in national grids. At the same time, the transmission system operators (TSOs) are committed to operate the grid according to the N-1 criterion that requires the security of network operation for the loss of any single piece of equipment in any credible scenario. Uncertainties regarding the feed-in by wind and solar power increase the number and spread of these scenarios leading to curtailment of generation by the most economic power plants and renewable energy sources due to network restrictions.In order to alleviate this effect it can be accounted for counter-measures that can be executed to respond to the scenarios or loss of equipment and to reduce overloads in due time. In research centralized optimization approaches are proposed for this problem that result in suggestions for adequate topological counter-measures or reconfiguration of generation and load (redispatch). These approaches exhibit some disadvantages: in the European network no central entity obtains a complete system view (due to the existence of various TSOs), due to length of calculation the optimization cannot be executed in real-time for large-scale systems, and only N-1 but not arbitrary network situations (N-2 to N-k) are considered. For this reason, the following scientific problem needs to be addressed which will be addressed in this research project:How can overloads of network equipment be relieved robustly in real-time in case of incomplete system information and arbitrary network situations (N-1,N-2 to N-k)?The approach of this project builds on preliminary work of the project "Decentralized coordination of power flow controllers for increasing transmission capacity and security" in the course of DFG research unit FOR1511. In that project, a distributed real-time coordination system for AC power flow controllers has been developed that adapts to unforeseen network situations. Based on this it will now be investigated how power flow control by HVDC transmission technology can be integrated in the coordinated AC power flow control. In addition, basic research will be conducted to investigate how coordinated real-time redispatch can be achieved by a distributed system in order to deploy the flexibility at both generation and consumption side (e.g., electric vehicles, storages) to relieve overloads of network equipment in critical network situations.