Discrimination of Applicants on the Basis of their Sexual Orientation: An Experimental Approach

在第一个供资期间，该项目的主要目标是了解申请过程中基于性取向的歧视是否可以通过考虑申请者和工作之间感觉到的男性化和女性化之间的匹配来解释。我们将不适应模型应用于社会类型性取向。基于女同性恋者和男同性恋者超越传统性别角色的刻板印象，在刻板印象内容模型的两个中心维度上，他们应该被视为与异性恋者不同。具体地说，男同性恋者应该被归因于比异性恋男性更强的交流(或温暖)，而女同性恋者应该被归因于比异性恋女性更高的代理能力(包括与任务相关的能力)。针对这些目标，共进行了19个实验。他们得出了许多假设和重复的发现(例如，男同性恋者被归因于高度温暖)。然而，其他发现是出乎意料的，无法用现有的模型来解释，特别是关于身份交叉点的发现(也称为非原型身份，例如德国的土耳其女同性恋者)。我们的大多数实验结果显示，对这些目标的判断是积极的。第二个资助期的总体目标是促进关于在与工作有关的情况下解释基于不同社会认同类别的交集的(消极和积极)歧视的过程的知识。最终目标是使用关于身份交叉点的发现来扩展和改进现有模型。我们将调查在哪些条件下，具有非典型群体身份的申请者面临歧视的假设解释了他们的积极印象(目标1)。这些实验也应该有助于解释我们之前的发现。目标2是开发扩展的研究范式，以测试在什么情况下保护非典型目标不受歧视，以及这在多大程度上与接受者的特征有关。最后，我们将把现有的发现整合到一个扩展的理论模型中(目标3)。

During the first funding period, the overarching objective of the project was to understand whether sexual-orientation based discrimination in application processes can be explained by considering the match between the perceived masculinity and femininity of applicants and of jobs. We applied the Lack-of-Fit Model to the social category sexual orientation. Based on the stereotype that lesbians and gay men transgress traditional gender roles, they should be perceived differently than heterosexuals on the two central dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model. Concretely, gay men should be ascribed higher communion (or warmth) than heterosexual men, whereas lesbians should be ascribed higher agency (including task-related competence) than heterosexual women. Towards these aims, a total of 19 experiments were carried out. They yielded many hypothesized and replicated findings (e.g., that gay men were ascribed high warmth). However, other findings were unexpected and cannot be explained by existing models, in particular findings pertaining to identity intersections (also called non-prototypical identities, e.g., Turkish lesbians in Germany). Findings of most of our experiments revealed positive judgments of these targets. The general objective of the second funding period is to advance knowledge on processes explaining (negative and positive) discrimination based on intersections of different social identity categories in work-related contexts. The ultimate objective is to use findings regarding identity intersections to extend and refine existing models. We will investigate under which conditions the assumption that applicants with non-prototypical group identities have faced discrimination explains their positive impressions (Aim 1). These experiments should also help explain our previous findings. Aim 2 is to develop extended research paradigms to test under which conditions non-prototypical targets are protected from discrimination and in how far this is related to perceivers’ characteristics. Finally, we will integrate existing findings in an extended theoretical model (Aim 3).