A theory of insititutional cooperation : Experimental and simulation study of mutual-sancitoning voluntarily provided through subjective and objective transformation of the incentive structure

我们成功地实现了发展工具合作理论的研究目标。主要研究成果如下。(1)通过将一阶困境和二阶困境中的选择联系起来，成员可以客观地将原来的囚徒困境结构转化为保证博弈的结构。(2)Pruitt&Kimmel的目标/期望理论可以解释为激励结构从PD到AG的主观转换的作用。(3)针锋相对策略在重复PD情境中的影响力是由于该策略客观地将原始PD结构转换为AG结构。(4)在PD网络情况下，特定合作伙伴之间的承诺形成提供了通过上文讨论的过程(3)实现结构转变的途径。(5)在“选择性游戏”情境下，“选择游戏”策略有效地引入了同样的结构转换。这些发现表明，通过将激励结构从PD转变为AG，可以实现无成本的工具性合作。这意味着可以提供工具性合作，而不会导致二阶社会困境。这些发现为保障型激励结构的角色扮演提供了理论依据，并鼓励社会困境研究者更多地关注这种类型的激励结构，而不是仅仅关注PD结构。研究结果也表明，信任是未来社会困境研究的主要问题

We have successfully achived the goal of the research of developing a theory of instrumental cooperation.The major findings of the research are the followings. (1) Through linking choices in the first-order dilemma and the second-order dilemma, members can objectively transform the original Prisoner's Dilemma structure into that of Assurance Game. (2) The goal/expectation theory of Pruitt & Kimmel can be interpreted to represent the role of subjective transformation of the incentive structure from PD to AG.(3) The well-known power of the Tit-for-Tat strategy in iterated PD situations is due to the fact that the strategy objectively transforms the original PD structure into AG structure. (4) Commitment formation between particular partners in a PD network situation provides an avenue leading to structural transformation via process (3) discussed above. (5) The Out-for-Tat strategy know to be effective in the "selective play" situation introduces the same structural transformation at the level of mate selection.These findings points to the possibility of instrumental cooperation without costs through transformation of the incentive structure from PD to AG.This implies that instrumental cooperation can be provided without causing a second-order social dilemma.These findings provide theoretical bases for the role playd by the Assurance type incentive structure, and encouraging social dilemma researchers to pay more attention to that type of incentive structure rather than solely focusing on the PD structure.The results also suggest that trust be the main issue to be addressed in future research on social dilemma