Variation of Antarctic Cloud Condensation (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations and properties at NEumayer Station compared to their values in the Arctic at Villum Research Station (VACCINE+)

地球目前的气候变化比大多数科学预测所预测的要快，极地地区是地球上变暖最快的地区。极地地区对气候条件也有很大的全球影响，因此影响到世界各地的生活和生计。尽管极地气候研究取得了进展，但仍存在着知之甚少的过程;其中之一是气溶胶-云-气候相互作用;因此无法令人满意地模拟。云和与气候系统的相互作用是最难建模的组成部分之一，特别是在极地地区，因为难以获得高质量的测量结果。因此，获得高质量的测量数据对于了解基本过程并将其纳入模型至关重要。在这里提出的项目的第一部分，我们，即，TROPOS建议将Neumayer III站现有的气溶胶测量延长近两年，进行云凝结核和冰成核粒子的现场测量。收集到的数据，如数浓度、吸湿性、INP冻结谱等，将与气象信息（如反向轨迹）和主要气溶胶粒子的化学成分信息联系起来，以确定整个年度周期内INP和CCN的来源。在可选的第三年，我们计划将南半球的结果与高北极的TROPOS长期CCN和INP测量结果进行比较（可在DFG资助的TR 172，AC 3，项目B 04的拟议项目中获得）。该项目的结果将是更深入地了解哪些过程在高纬度地区主导CCN和INP人口。在本建议框架内汇编的高纬度云凝结核和国际核物理现象的定量信息将以开放源方式提供，以评价和约束全球模型和卫星检索方法。

The Earth’s current climate is changing more rapidly than has been predicted in most scientific forecasts, with the Polar Regions being the fastest warming areas on Earth. Polar Regions have also a strong global impact on climate conditions and therefore affect lives and livelihoods across the world. Despite the progress polar climate research made - poorly understood processes remain; one of those being the aerosol – cloud – climate interaction; which therefore cannot be modelled satisfactory. Clouds and the interactions with the climate system are one of the most difficult components to model, especially in the Polar Regions, due to difficulties in obtaining high-quality measurements. The availability of high-quality measurements is therefore of crucial importance to understand underlying processes and to be able to assimilate them into models. In the first part of the here proposed project we, i.e., TROPOS suggests to extend the existing aerosol measurements at Neumayer III station by in-situ Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) measurements for almost two years. The captured data such as number concentrations, hygroscopicity, INP freezing spectra etc. will be linked with meteorological information (e.g. back trajectories) and information on the chemical composition of the prevailing aerosol particles for identifying sources of INP and CCN over the full annual cycle. In an optional third year we plan to compare the findings from the Southern Hemisphere to the TROPOS long-term CCN and INP measurements from the High Arctic (available within the here proposed project from the DFG-funded TR 172, AC3, project B04). A result of this project will be a deeper understanding which processes dominate the CCN and INP population in high latitudes. The quantitative information on high-latitude CCN and INP compiled in the framework of the present proposal will be made available open-source to evaluate and constrain global models and satellite retrieval methods.