Gnosticism and the modern European Literature

近来人们常说，不仅基督教，而且诺斯替主义在西方思想史上也发挥了重要作用，如果不了解诺斯替主义对欧洲思想和文学的影响，我们就不能真正了解欧洲的思想和文学。本研究的目的在于重读以诺斯替主义思想为基础的现代欧洲哲学和文学。如果不了解诺斯替主义思想的整体形象，我们就无法确定诺斯替主义与现代欧洲哲学和文学之间的关系。因此，本报告的前半部分概述了诺斯替主义。第一章讲述失落的天堂，第二章讲述二元论，第三章讲述索菲亚和“男人/女人”，第四章讲述被拯救的救世主，第五章讲述天启和末世，第六章讲述奥古斯丁和摩尼教，第七章讲述经院哲学和卡特里派，第八章讲述圣杯，第九章讲述埃克哈特，第十章讲述雅各布·伯姆。本报告的后半部分由十一章组成。第11章提出浮士德的传说可以追溯到西蒙法师的一生，他是最早的诺斯替思想家之一。第十二章追溯了雅各布·伯姆对威廉·布莱克的影响。第13章论述诺斯替思想对德国唯心主义的影响。第十四章和第十五章讨论费希特和谢林。第十六章讨论黑格尔，他的诺斯替主义思想引导黑格尔主义向左走向马克思主义，向右走向纳粹主义。第十七章专门讨论陀思妥耶夫斯基，别尔嘉耶夫认为他的《罪与罚》是一部诺斯替主义作品。同样，第18章展示了理查德·瓦格纳最后一部歌剧《帕西法尔》中隐蔽的诺斯替主义。在荣格医生的影响下，赫尔曼·黑塞遇到了诺斯替主义思想，并写下了他的小说《达米安》（第19章）。第20章讨论了塔可夫斯基与灵知主义的关系，而第21章则展示了菲利普·k·迪克的灵知主义。

Recently it is often said that not only Christianity but also Gnosticism played important roles in the history of western ideas, and that we can not really understand European thought and literature without understanding its Gnostic influences as well. The purpose of this research lies in rereading modem European philosophy and literature based on Gnostic thought.Without knowing the whole image of Gnostic thought, we cannot ascertain the relations between Gnosticism and modern European philosophy and literature. The first half of this report therefore outlines Gnosticism. Chapter 1 deals with the Lost Paradise, Chapter 2 with dualism, Chapter 3 with Sophia and "man/woman", Chapter 4 with the saved savior, Chapter 5 with the Apocalypse and the End Time, Chapter 6 with Augustine and Manichaeism, Chapter 7 with Scholasticism and the Cathars, Chapter 8 with the Holy Grail, Chapter 9 with Meister Eckhart, and Chapter 10 with Jacob Boehme.The second half of this report consists of eleven chapters. Chapter 11 proposes that the Faustian legend dates back to the life of Simon Magus, one of the earliest Gnostic thinkers. Chapter 12 traces the influence of Jacob Boehme on William Blake. Chapter 13 treats the influence of Gnostic thought on German idealism. Chapters 14 and 15 deal with Fichte and Schelling. Chapter 16 discusses Hegel, whose Gnostic thought guided Hegelianism left to Marzism and right to Nazism. Chapter 17 is devoted to Dostoevsky, whose "Crime and Punishment" Berdyaev considers a Gnostic work. Similarly, Chapter 18 shows the covert Gnosticism in Richard Wagner's last opera "Parsifal." Under the influence of a Jungian doctor, Hermann Hesse encountered Gnostic thought and wrote his novel "Damian"(chapter 19). Chapter 20 deals with the relation between Tarkovski and Gnosis, while Chapter 21 shows the Gnosticism of Philip K.Dick.