Reader's Ability to Flexibly Modify Schema

模式修改测试显示了优秀和糟糕的读者之间的差异，以及优秀和糟糕的模式激活器之间的差异。好的阅读者和好的模式激活者比糟糕的阅读者和糟糕的模式激活者更精确、更快、更灵活地修改他们的模式。在所有文本中，良好阅读者的图式修改均优于差阅读者。本研究结果还表明，除推理与工作记忆之间的关系外，本研究中所有因素之间的关系均具有统计学上显著的中度关系。其中一个关系是工作记忆和图式修改测试平均分数之间的关系。较差的工作记忆限制了阅读者灵活修改图式的能力。此外，我发现阅读能力差的人有时会激活过于具体的图式。他们常常无法从这些狭隘的图式中恢复过来。另一方面，优秀的读者很少激活那些特定的模式，而是倾向于保持打开他们的模式以备将来修改。这可能是因为糟糕的读者的语义记忆不是一个组织良好的层次结构。相反，我认为他们更依赖情景记忆来弥补语义记忆中缺乏组织的缺陷。

Schema modification tests show the difference between good and poor readers as well as good and poor schema activators. Good readers and good schema activators modify their schemata more precisely, faster and more flexibly than poor readers and poor schema activators. The schema modification of good readers was better than that of poor readers in all texts.The present study also results in statistically significant moderate relationships among all factors in the present study besides the one between inference and working memory. One of those relationships is the one between working memory and the average of the schema modification test scores. Poor working memory restricts the readers' ability to flexibly modify schema.Furthermore, I found that poor readers sometimes activate too specific a schema. They often fail to recover from those narrow schemata. On the other hand, good readers rarely activate those specific schemata but tend to keep open their schemata for future modification. This may be because poor readers' semantic memory is not a well organized hierarchy. Instead, I suppose that they rather rely on episodic memory to compensate for this lack of organization in semantic memory.