From Manuscripts to Printings: Transitions of Writing Styles in Tibetan Texts

在这个项目的前两年(2001-2002)，我们确定了大约60个属于后Tibtan帝国时期的藏文敦煌文献，并讨论了藏文在10世纪继续在东突厥斯坦使用，以及之后被非藏族人，如汉语和霍丹语，作为一种通用语言。在项目的后半部分，我们发现来自敦煌的数百部藏传佛教文献也是在10世纪产生的，其中许多是Khotanese人写的。根据我们在这一过程中建立的古地理标准，我们预计会发现更多写于10世纪的藏文文献。这将彻底改变我们对藏文和藏传佛教的概念。在研究敦煌文献的同时，竹内和野口分别建立了由M·A·A·斯坦和科兹洛夫出土的所有藏文文献数据库，分别保存在大英图书馆和圣彼得堡的俄罗斯科学院。在数据库中，我们提供了关于每件物品的下列信息：请购单和站点编号、大小、外观描述、分类、音译文本、关键词等。此外，我们还确定了许多文本并注明了日期。结果显示，Khara-Khoto文本可以追溯到16世纪，而ETSIN-Gol文本可以追溯到16世纪到20世纪。它们与敦煌文献一起，涵盖了藏文文献的整个时期。它们提供了各种古地理变化，这将是我们下一步研究的目标。最终成果，即数据库，将通过国际敦煌项目网站(http://idp.bl.uk).)提供

In the first two years of this project (2001-2002), we identified about sixty Tibetan Dunhuang texts that belong to the post-Tibtan Empire period, and discussed that Tibetan continued to be used in East Turkestan in the 10th century and thereafter by non-Tibetans, such as Chinese and Khotanese, as a lingua franca.In the second half of the project, we found that a few hundreds of Tibetan Buddhist texts from Dunhuang were also produced in the 10th century, many of which were written by Khotanese. Based on the palaeographical criteria we have established during this process, we expect to find many more Tibetan texts written in the 10th century. This would completely revise our concepts of Tibetan texts and Tibetan Buddhism.Along with the study of Dunhuang texts, Takeuchi and Iuchi have databased all the Tibetan texts from Khara-Khoto and Etsin-Gol excavated by M. A. Stein and Kozlov and now preserved in the British Library and the Russian Academy at St. Petersburg, respectively. In the database, we provide with the following information on each item: requisition and site numbers, size, physical description, classification, transliterated text, key words, etc. In addition, we have identified and date many texts. As a result, it has been revealed that Khara-Khoto texts date from with to 16the centuries, while Etsin-Gol texts date from 16th to 20th centuries. Together with Dunhuang texts they cover the whole period of Tibetan texts. They provide various palaeographical variations which will be the target of our next research. The final outcome, namely the database, will be made available through the International Dunhuang Project website (http://idp.bl.uk).