Transition of organization of living space and environmental view in Japan

1. 两个关键概念（“生活空间的组织”和“环境观”）是压倒一切的基础，每个成员在此基础上作出以下发现。对维达利亚概念的批判性重新审视证明，它比评论家们曾经认为的更有意义。研究了日本人原始的居住空间组织与他们的环境观的关系。(1)这种关系体现在冲绳与濑户内海地区村落空间秩序的象征性特征上。(2)古建筑的排列被认为与周围的山峰有联系，参考道教来解释。(3)通过与明治时期外国人聚落的比较，考察日本特色。讨论了物理和社会约束对生活空间组织的影响。(1)传统的灌溉系统在阿索火山西段大部分地区不受容许淤积的限制而发展，反映了该地区的社会组织和人们的环境观。(2)为最大限度地利用有限且排水不良的水田，信野河下游的农民形成了一种特殊的生活空间组织形式。履行生存基本功能的生活空间组织与行政组织等共同构成一个复杂的结构，并在历史的进程中发生着重大的变化。(1)传统的山区垦荒需要组织大面积的耕地。但林业的发展导致了空间组织结构的简化。(2)墓地是必不可少的，但占用空间。讨论了人们对这个空间的态度及其变化。

1. Two key concepts ("organization of living space" and "environmental view") are the overriding basis, on which each member made the following findings.2. Critical reexamination of the Vidalian concept proved that it is more relevant than critics had ever thought.3. A relationship between Japanese original organization of living space and their environmental view is investigated. (1) Such a relationship is embodied in a symbolic character of spatial order of villages in Okinawa and the Seto Inland Sea region. (2) The arrangement of ancient buildings, which is thought to have a connection with the surrounding mountain peaks, is interpreted with reference to Taoism. (3) The Japanese characteristics are examined in comparison to the foreigners' settlements in Meiji era.4. How physical and social constraints reflect on the organization of living space is discussed. (1) The traditional irrigation system developed on the west piedmost of Aso Vol-cano against the restriction imposed by permiable deposition, reflects the social organization in the region and people's environmental view. (2) A special type of organization of living space was formed by farmers in the lower reaches of Shinano River in order to maximize the yealds from the limited and ill-drained paddy fields.5. An organization of living space to perform fundamental functions for existence forms a complex structure along with an administrative organization and others, and undergoes substantial changes in the course of history. (1) Traditional swidden cultivation in a mountain village required an extensive area to be organized. But development of forestry has resulted in simplification of the structure of spatial organization. (2) A graveyard is an indispensable but space-consuming practice. People's attitude toward this space and its changes are discussed.