A Study of Ecological Anthropology on the Consistency and Change of Traditional African Societies

以生态人类学为研究对象，研究了非洲半荒漠、热带草原林地和热带雨林几个民族的社会文化变迁。被研究的族群是：狩猎采集者桑人（Botswans）和阿卡人（Aka）；本巴人（赞比亚）、洛齐人（赞比亚）、汤威人（坦桑尼亚）和莱加人（扎伊尔），他们是刀耕火种的农民；和一群本巴渔民（赞比亚）。该研究阐明了各民族在各种社会文化变化中的实际方面。传统社会在民族交往过程中形成了共生和混合居住。此外，现金经济在政府政策下的传播所带来的社会文化变化也是不可忽视的。所观察到的变化表明了非洲自给自足和依赖自然的传统社会逐渐融入全球经济体系的动态过程。目前以生态人类学、土壤学、作物学和民族考古学为基础的“社会文化变迁民族志研究”成果，为研究非洲人类环境系统的动态变化提供了不可或缺的基础资料。

A study of ecological anthropology was conducted on the socio-cultural changes in several ethnic groups who inhabit semidesert, savanna-woodland and tropical rain forest in Africa. The studied ethnic groups were : the San (Botswans) and the Aka (Congo), who are hunter-gatherers ; the Bemba (Zambia), the Lozi (Zambia), the Tongwe (Tanzania), and the Lega (Zaire), who are slash-and-burn agriculturists ; and a group of Bemba fishermen (Zambia). The study clarified the actual aspects in various socio-cultural changes of the respective ethnic groups. The traditional societies have developed symbiosis and mixed habitation in the process of inter-ethnic contacts. Also socio-cultural changes due to spread of cash economy following governmental policies are not negligible. The change observed demonstrate the dynamic process in which the self-sufficient and nature-dependent traditional societies in Africa are gradually imbedded into the system of global economy. The results of the present "ethnographic study of socio-cultural changes" based on ecological anthropology, soil science, crop science and ethnoarchaeology, provide indispensable basic data for dealing with the dynamic change of the man enviornment system in Africa.