Community structure and life history of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)

1.扎伊尔万巴的侏儒黑猩猩研究（7月，90年9月，（1）母子关系在维持儿子的社会地位方面起着重要作用。(2)未成年人性行为的发展存在性别差异。(3)群际互动模式从相互容忍到完全敌对。(4)母亲对子女的携带行为与婴儿的性别、年龄、发育阶段、母亲的年龄、级别、性质以及所处的场所和环境有关。(5)声乐模式分为六大类。侏儒黑猩猩的声音交流的特点是，针对单个特殊个体的发声是不恰当的。2.在坦桑尼亚Mahale对普通黑猩猩进行研究（7月至12月，90）对男性之间接近程度的调查表明，男性分为三个年龄段：（一）青春期，（二）年轻人，（三）壮年和壮年。乌干达普通黑猩猩的研究（1）在乌干达西南部的六个森林区块进行了广泛的调查。除了卡林祖森林（2月和3月，'92）。(2)在Karinzu森林（10月，92年3月，'93）。将结果与Wamba的结果进行比较。对刚果普通黑猩猩的研究（11月，92年3月，'93）（1）在刚果西南部和东北部的广泛调查表明，狩猎压力是影响刚果黑猩猩密度的主要因素。(2)沿着莫塔巴河对鸟巢、集群模式和栖息地进行了广泛的研究。结果将与Wamba的结果进行比较。

1.Studies of pygmy chimpanzees at Wamba, Zaire (Jul., '90 - Sep., '91)(1) Mother-son bonds play an important role in the maintenance of the social status of sons.(2) A sex difference exist in the development of sexual behavior in immatures.(3) Intergroup interaction patterns vary from mutual tolerance to toal hostility.(4) Mother's carrying behavior of offspring is concerned with infant's sex, age, developmental stage, and mother's age, rank and nature as well as with the places and situations where they are put.(5) Vocal patterns are classified into six large categories. It is characteristic of pygmy chimpanzees' vocal communications that vocalizations directed to a single peculiar individual are infreguent.2. Studied of common chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania (Jul. - Dec., '90)Investigations in inter-male proximity suggest that males are classified into three age classes (i) adolescence, (ii) young adults, (iii) prime and past prime.3. Studies of common chimpanzees in Uganda(1) Extensive survey was conducted in six forest blocks in southwestern Uganda. Chimpanzees are low in density in all of them except the Karinzu forest (Feb. and Mar., '92).(2) Intensive study of nests, grouping patterns, and habitats were carried out in the Karinzu forest (Oct., '92 - Mar., '93). The results will be compared with those from Wamba.4. Studies of common chimpanzees in Congo (Nov., '92 - Mar., '93)(1) Extensive surveys in southwestern and northeastern Congo revealed that hunting pressure is a principal factor that affects the density of chimpanzees in Congo.(2) Extensive studies of nests, grouping patterns and habitats were conducted along the Motaba river. The results will be compared with those from Wamba.