Comparative Study on the Relation between Public Policy and Academic Research System

1. 在德意志联邦共和国，作为一个高度发达的工业国家，提高大学研究质量是重要的政治问题之一。研究系统是复杂的。在联邦结构中，各州对高等教育和学术研究负有主要责任。联邦政府有权制定大学制度的基本原则，并与州政府共同支持大学的建设和扩建，规划和协助研究设施和具有国家重要性的项目。此外，大学有研究的自由。因此，联邦政府和州政府通过促进大学的研究与大学间接地联系在一起。大学仍然是基础研究的领域。但近年来，马克斯普朗克学会研究所、弗劳恩霍夫学会研究所和13个国家研究中心在基础和应用研究中发挥了重要作用。需要更多的大学与这些学院竞争与合作。大学从各州获得一般的研究经费。大学从德国研究协会（Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft， DFG）那里获得大量的研究补助金或合同形式的“第三方”资金。DFG是德意志联邦共和国促进科学发展的中央组织。DFG的大部分资金由联邦政府和州政府提供。DFG主要通过以下三种方式向大学提供资助：a)个人资助计划；促进研究人员个人提出的研究项目，这些项目的资助期限为一至两年；b)优先项目；在长达五年的时间里，资助和协调不同地方的几位研究人员对某一主题的研究；c)合作研究中心；这些是大学的长期（12-15年）研究机构，不同学科的科学家在一个影响相互关联领域的研究计划的框架内进行合作。为了重组前东德的高等教育和研究，德国研究协会的工作组审查了前科学院和大学的研究所的组织。少

1. In the Federal Republic of Germany, as a highly developed indusutrial country, improvement the quality of university research is one of the important political issues.2. The system of research is complex. In the federal structure, the states have primary responsibility for higher education and academic research. The federal government has the right to enact the general principles underlying the university system, and support jointly the state governments the construction and extension of universities, planning and assistance for research facilities and projects of national importance. In addition, universities have the freedom of research. So federal and state governments are indirectly linked with universities by promoting their research.3. Universities continue to be a sphere of fundamental research. But in recent years, institutes of the Max Planck Society, institutes of Fraunhofer Society and 13 national research centres play important role in fundamental and applied research. U … More niversities are required to compete and cooperate with these institutes.4. Universities receive general funds for research from states. And universities receive substantial 'third-party' funds in the form of research grants or contracts from the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). DFG is a central organization for the promotion of science in the Federal Republic of Germany. Most funds of DFG are provided by federal and state governments.5. DFG provide its grants to universities mainly by the following three types of support : a) Individual Grants Program ; the promotion of research projects requested on the initiative of the individual researchers and these projects are financed for a period of one to two years, b) Priority Programs ; the financing and coordination of the work of several researchers at different places on a certain topic for a period of up to five years, c) Collaborative Research Centers ; these are long-term (12-15 years) research institutions of universities where scientists of various disciplines cooperate in the framework of a research program affecting inter-relating fields.6. For the restructuring higher education and research in former East Germany, working groups of the German Research Society examine the organization of the institutes of the former Academy of Science and universities. Less