Molecular population genetical studies of evolution.

分子生物学的最新进展对进化研究产生了重大影响。本项目以果蝇（Yamazaki,Tobari,Ishiwa，Kusakabe和Takano）和野生植物（Miyashita）为模式生物，在分子水平上研究了基因的多态性数量和结构变化。这些研究揭示了分子进化的各个方面。正如许多先前的研究所表明的，大多数分子数据都与Kimura在1968年提出的分子进化中性理论相一致，该理论认为，在分子水平上，大多数基因替换是由于选择性中性突变的随机固定。然而，通过选择直接参与生物体对环境反应的基因，周期（行为）和淀粉酶（诱导），我们获得了适应性氨基酸替代的实验证据，特别是在物种形成过程中。此外，Hiroyoshi在他对性别决定因素的研究中发现了有趣的现象……更多的家蝇和现在的分子方法正在澄清这一现象。Harada估计同工酶位点的自发突变率为每代7 × 10^<-7>，这是进化研究中一个非常重要的参数。在理论研究方面，中性理论（Kimura、Ohta、Tajima、Tachida和Iizuka）、系统发育构建方法（Tajima）、多基因家族和重复序列进化理论（Ohta和Tachida）和多态性维持机制研究（Takahata）取得了很大进展。在我们的项目中，我们试图结合理论和实验方法来理解适应进化的分子机制。我们的发现被认为是分子进化这一新领域的里程碑，它研究了表型进化和分子进化之间的相互关系。我们现在相信，在分子和表型两个层面上对进化的统一理解是可以实现的。少

Recent progress in molecular biology has brought a large impact on the study of evolution. In the present project, we investigated the amount of polymorphisms and structures and changes of genes at the molecular level using Drosophila (Yamazaki,Tobari,Ishiwa,Kusakabe and Takano) and wild plants (Miyashita) as model organisms. These studies have revealed various aspects of molecular evolution. As many previous studies had shown, most molecular data are compatible with the neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed by Kimura in 1968 which states that most gene substitutions at the molecular level are due to random fixations of selectively neutral mutations. However, by selecting genes, period (behavior) and amylase (inducible), which are directly involved in organismal response to the environments, we obtained experimental evidences of adaptive amino acid substitutions especially during speciation. Also Hiroyoshi found interesting phenomena in his study on sex determination factors i … More n house flies and now molecular approaches to clarify this phenomena are in progress. Harada estimated the spontaneous mutation rate of isozyme loci, which is a very important parameter in the study of evolution, to be 7 x 10^<-7> per generation.As to theoretical studies, much progress was made in the development of the neutral theory (Kimura,Ohta,Tajima,Tachida and Iizuka), the methodology of constructing phylogeny (Tajima), evolutionary theories of multigene families and repeated sequences (Ohta and Tachida) and studies on the maintenance mechanisms of polymorphisms (Takahata). In our project, we attempted to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution combining theoretical and experimental approaches. Our findings are considered to be landmarks to this new area of molecular evolution which investigates the interrelationships between the phenotypic evolution and the molecular evolution. We now believe that the unified understanding of evolution at both (molecular and phenotypic) levels is within our reach. Less