Study on Cooperation and Conflict Resolution in Chimpanzees

1.对成年雄性黑猩猩的联盟和联盟策略进行了研究。(1)M组年龄最大的成年雄性于1993年3月左右死亡，但他的死亡对现有的男性优势关系没有任何影响。(2)3个最高等级和3个最低等级的男性在等级上没有变化。然而，三个中等级别的男性之间的关系是不稳定的，很难定义。(3)阿尔法和贝塔雄性之间的竞争是导致1993-94年群体不稳定的一个主要因素。然而，阿尔法男性的地位得到了阿尔法男性的支持，并得到了伽马男性联盟的支持：阿尔法男性和伽马男性之间经常可以看到社交打扮和在战斗中请求援助。相反，这些联合行动在贝塔和伽马之间很少看到。此外，当阿尔法与伽马调和时，贝塔和伽马之间的临时联盟立即被取消。(4)伽马男性偶尔会受到…的挑战更多的是年轻成年男性的地位，然而，阿尔法男性阻止他继续这样做，他通过单方面攻击后者来干预争端。因此，阿尔法和伽马之间的联盟是互惠互利的，被描述为互惠的利他主义。在本研究期间，M组的19只黑猩猩死亡，其中50%死于流感。3.收养因流感失去母亲的2至4岁孤儿，由一名成年女性和几名青少年女性和男性照料。因此，包括最小的孤儿在内的大多数孤儿都在母亲去世后幸存下来。4.黑猩猩的手势、叫声和展示被视听记录下来，这些将被分析用于详细的社会关系分析。获得了几只黑猩猩的血液、骨骼、肌肉和骨骼样本，将用于DNA分型。还收集了大量粪便和植物样本进行寄生虫学或化学分析。较少

1. Coalition and alliance tactics of adult male chimpanzees were studied. (1) The oldest and adult male of M Group died around March 1993, but his death did not have any influence on the existing male dominance relationships. (2) No change in rank was seen among the 3 highest ranking and 3 lowest ranking males. The relationships among 3 middle-ranking males, however, were unstable and difficult to define. (3) The rivalry between the alpha and beta males was a major factor responsible for the group instability in 1993-94. However, the status of the alpha male was maintained, being supported by the coalition with the gamma male : Social grooming and solicitation of aid in combat were often seen between the alpha and gamma males. On the contrary, these coalitionary moves were rarely seen between the beta and gamma. Moreover, the temporary coalition between the beta and gamma was immediately cancelled when the alpha reconciled with the gamma. (4) The gamma male was occasionally challenged … More for status by a young adult male, who was, however, discouraged to continue to do so by the alpha male who intervened in the dispute by attacking the latter one-sidedly. Thus, the coalition between the alpha and gamma was mutually beneficial, being characterized as a reciprocal altruism.2. Nineteen chimpanzees of M Group died during this study period, 50% of which were killed by influenza. 3. Orphans of 2 to 4 years of age who lost their mothers by influenza were adopted and provided care by an adult female and several adolescent females and males. Thus, most of the orphans including the youngest survived their mothers' death. 4. Gestures, calls, and displays of chimpanzees were audio-visually recorded, which will be analyzed for detailed analysis of social relationships. Samples of blood, bone, muscle, and skeletons of several chimpanzees were obtained, which will be used for DNA typing. A lot of fecal and plant samples were also collected for either parasitological or chemical analyses. Less