"Ethnos" and "Natio" in the development of Law in Europe

我们考察了民族和民族等概念在法律史上的历史意义，以及从日耳曼人时代到“第三帝国”的思想史。我们还研究了这些观念是如何受到历史上的社会和宪法因素的制约的。我们讨论的主要话题有以下几个：1)“德国人”的概念问题。我们明确了“日耳曼人”概念在古典文学和现代历史研究的各个领域中的多样性。通过对巴伐利亚史研究发展的分析，批判了以往一些从特定族群移民的角度来描述部落单位的产生和发展的研究。3)指出中世纪晚期的国家建设与民族意识的发展之间的关系。总的来说，国家意识的发展深受君主制的影响。在德国，普世主义的帝国提供了国家概念的框架。4)我们调查了中世纪律师关于民族群体的法律性质的教育以及律师对自己民族的自豪感的表达。5)我们分析了《神圣罗马帝国》的宪法对近代早期德国民族优秀观念的影响。6)我们调查了《第三帝国》种族主义法学的历史根源，发现日耳曼法学通俗文学在其中发挥了重要作用。7)我们考察了《神圣罗马帝国》的意义“第三帝国”律师思想中的“大众感觉”概念(例如，卡尔·拉伦茨)。我们可以清楚地看出他的思想的奇怪结构，在这个结构中，“大众感觉轴”的概念与强烈的决定主义特征相联系。

We have investigated the historical meaning of the conceptions like ethnos and natio in the legal history and the history of the ideas from the time of the Germanic people to the "Third Reich". We also studies how these conceptions were conditioned by the social and constitutional factors in the history. The main topics we dealt with are the following ones.1) The problem of the conception "Germanen". We made clear the diversity of the concept of the "Germanic People" in the classical literature and in the various fields of the modern historical studies.2) On Ethnogenesis. Through the analysis of the development of the study on the history of the Bavarians, we criticized some previous studies that described the birth and the development of the tribal units from the standpoint of the immigration of a specific ethnic group.3) W pointed out the relationship between the state building of the High Middle Ages and the growth of the consciousness of the nation. Generally speaking, the growth of the consciousness of the nation was deeply influenced by the monarchy. In Germany, the the universalistic Reich delivered the framework of the notion of the nation.4) We investigated the teaching of the medieval lawyers concerning the legal character of the national group and the expression of the pride of the lawyers in their own nation.5) We analyzed the influences of the constitution of the "Holy Roman Empire" on the notion of the excellence of the German nation in the early modern time.6) We investigated the historical roots of the racist jurisprudence of the "Third Reich" and found out that the popular literature of the germanistic legal science playd an important role.7) We investigated the meaning of the concept of the "Volksgenossenschaft" in the thought of the lawyers of the "Third Reich" (e.g., of Karl Larenz). We could make clear the strange structure of his thought in which the concept of the "Volksgenossenshaft" was connected with a strong trait of decisionism.