The Co-operative Research on Improvement of Curriculum-Planning and Crediting in Senior High Schools

本研究从理论与实证两方面，对高中教育改革中引人注目的“综合科系”进行探讨。1994年开始的“综合学习”包含了这种教育改革的各种内容。本研究的主要特点是在决策的两个层面（每个县和学校）进行调查。并对“新型高中”面临的一些困难进行了探讨，对“新型高中”教学过程中的一些问题进行了思考。本研究针对高中课程计画与学分制改革，提出以下研究发现：1。“Sogo-gakka”是一种新的制度，是为了适应学生在志向、成绩、能力等方面日益增加的“差异”而为高中引入的，否则，这一制度在组织上被视为一种“生存战略”。三种不同的“内涵”在国内得到认可。2.这三种决策似乎是相互协调的。但在实践中，都道府县和高中根据缺乏财政和人员支持的情况，对外部条件进行调整。而且，国家和都道府县在改革计划上存在微妙的“分歧”，因此有充分的理由重新考虑决策方式。3.由于许多人仍然倾向于学术课程，学校教师倾向于将“Sogo-gakka”视为比学术课程（“Futsu-ka”）更有利于进入大学的部门。这一事实可以通过对学术综合高中的考试很容易地猜到。高中教育改革不可能在“重点高中”中完成，因此，这些改革是否会带来翻天覆地的变化，令人怀疑。

This study examines "Sogo-gakka" (comprehensive departments) both theoretically and positively, which is an eyecatcher in the comig reforms of senior high school education. "Sogo-gakka" that started in 1994 includes various elements of such a educational reform. The major feature of this study is to survey in two levels of decision-making(in each prefecture and school). And also we explore some difficulties which "new type high schools" have been faced, and some problems as to the teaching-learning processes are considered. Some findings are indicated about reforms of curriculum-planning and crediting in senior high schools as follows :1."Sogo-gakka" is a new system which has been introduced for high schools to correspond to increasing "differences" in students'aspiration, achievement, aptitude etc. Otherwise this system is regarded as a "survival strategy" in organizational terms. Three different "intensions" are recognized in the nation. prefectures and schools.2.These three kinds of decision-making seem to be coincided each other harmoniously. But in practice prefectures and high schools adjust to external conditions according to the lack of financial and personnel support. And there is a subtle "disagreement" between the nation and prefectures in reform-planning, so there is enough reason to reconsider the way of decision-making.3.As many people still prefer to academic courses, school teachers tend to take "Sogo-gakka" as a department which is more advantageous for admission to college and university than academic one("Futsu-ka"). This fact can be easily guessed through an examination of academic comprehensive high schools. The high school education reforms cannot be accomplished in "selective high schools", so it is somewhat doubtful if these reforms will bring a drastic change.