Long-term dynamics of insect populations in Indonesia

该项目旨在阐明印度尼西亚爪哇和苏门答腊岛昆虫种群的长期动态。在不同的气候条件下，我们建立了三个主要的研究点：(1)苏门答腊岛中部的巴东，具有典型的湿润热带气候，没有明显的干湿季节交替。年降雨量超过5000mm，(2)西爪哇茂物位于湿润热带气候的东部边缘，年降雨量为4075mm，季节性较巴东强；(3)东爪哇普沃达地气候季节性明显。年降雨量约2000毫米，连续2-6个月低于100毫米。主要研究种为食植物的瓢虫（鞘翅目：瓢虫科：毛瓢虫科）、陆龟（鞘翅目：金龟子科）和香蕉跳虫（鳞翅目：毛瓢虫科）。这些昆虫种群的丰度和死亡因素的季节性波动与气候条件的变化和天敌的作用有详细的记录。定期进行野外普查，包括重新捕获成虫和建立生命表，对瓢虫（茂物的Epilachna emarginata，茂物、巴东和普沃达地的E.vigintioctopunctata）和陆龟（茂物和普沃达地的Aspidomorpha miliaris和a.c sanctaecrucis）进行了调查。这些研究的人口普查周期从2年到4年不等，其中一些仍在进行中。定期从田间采集香蕉跳蝇卵、幼虫和蛹，并在实验室饲养，观察寄生蜂和蝇类的区系多样性和活动强度。还进行了实验室饲养，以澄清在茂物、沃诺吉里（爪哇中部）和苏卡拉米（苏门答腊中部）收集的E.vigintioctopunctata的存活和繁殖时间表。

This project aims to clarify long term dynamics of insect populations in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. We established three major study sites under different climate conditions, (1) Padang, central Sumatra, has a typical humid tropical climate without a distinct alternation of wet and dry seasons. Annual rainfall exceeds 5000mm, (2) Bogor, west Java, located at the eastern fringe of the humid tropical climate, has an annual rainfall of 4075mm with more seasonality than Padang, (3) Purwodadi, east Java, has a distinctly seasonal climate. Annual rainfall is > 2000mm with 2-6 consecutive months of < 100mm rainfall. Major study species included phytophagous lady beetles (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae : Epilachninae), tortoise beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Cassidinae), and the banana skipper Erionota thrax (Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae). Seasonal fluctuation in abundance and mortality factors of these insect populations has been documented in detail in relation to the changes in climatic conditions and the action of natural enemies. Regular field census, including mark-recapture of adults and construction of life tables, was carried on the lady beetles (Epilachna emarginata in Bogor, E.vigintioctopunctata in Bogor, Padang and Purwodadi), and on the tortoise beetles (Aspidomorpha miliaris and A.sanctaecrucis in both Bogor and Purwodadi). The census periods for these studies have covered from 2 to 4 years, and some of them are still going on. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of the banana skipper were collected at a regular interval from the field and reared in the laboratory to examine faunal diversity and intensity of actions of parasitic wasps and flies. Laboratory rearings were also executed to clarify the survivorship and reproductive schedules of E.vigintioctopunctata collected from Bogor, Wonogiri (central Java), Sukarami (central Sumatra).