A Histrical study of the spacial Structure of Houses for which Forms of Habitation are Determining Factor

城市和乡村的住宅形式除了作为个人住宅发挥作用外，还具有使它们形成连贯群体的模式。这些有凝聚力的群体被道路划分成被称为邻里街区的居住形式。本研究从国际视角探讨了各种居住模式，以日本、欧洲和亚洲的城镇为例，考察了空间构成，其中决定因素是连贯的住宅群。本文以日本江户时代的须二海桥-御门内-广小路地区为例，运用历史记载和文献资料，对武士区和天人区进行了比较。本文还以中世纪葡萄牙设防城镇蒙萨拉兹和中国设防省会城市宛平城为例，通过实地考察和分析街区的结构，发现房屋外墙和围墙不仅构成了与道路和周边地产的边界，而且将住宅组织成一个连贯的整体。墙和栅栏延伸到面向道路的部分之外，进入街区的内部，以赋予其特殊的特征。通过对这些连贯的建筑群的空间结构进行图形化表示，基于街区的具体特征，可以确定其空间组织的原则。相对较少的例子意味着，这项研究不能试图系统化的原则，空间结构的所有形式的住宅，但它确实证明了一种方法的有效性，使用的墙壁和围栏周围的住宅小区作为分析指标。

As well as functioning as individual residences, the dwelling forms in cities and villages also possess modalities which form them into coherent groups. Such coherent groups are divided by roads into the dwelling forms known as neighborhood blocks. The present study, which addresses the various modes of dwelling from an international perspective, uses as examples towns in Japan, Europe and Asia in examination of spacial composition in which the determining factor is the coherent group of dwellings. The author intends to identify the organizational principles governing the formation of the neighborhood block, based on historical study of these principles.For the Japanese example, the Sujikaibashi-Gommonnai-Hirokoji area of Edo, historical records and literature are used in a comparison of the samurai and chonin quarters. The other examples used are the fortified medieval portuguese town of Monsaraz and the Chinese fortified provincial capital town of Wanpingcheng, where the author conducted field work and analyzed the structure of the neighborhood blocks.The exterior walls of the houses and fence which define the outer bounds of the residences not only form the boundaries with the roads and neighboring properties but also arganise the residences into a coherent whole. Walls and fences extend beyoud the parts which face onto the road into the interior of the block to give its special character. By producing a graphic representation the spacial structures of these coherent groups of buildings, based on the specific characteristics of the neighborhood block, it is possible to identify the principles of their spacial organisation. The relatively small number of examples means that this study cannot attempt to systematize the principles of spacial structure for all forms of dwelling but it does demonstrate the effectiveness of a methodology which uses the walls and fences surrounding residential plots as analytical indices.