Biochemical functions and metabolisms of D-amino acid

本文旨在阐明D-氨基酸在高等动植物中的从头合成、D-氨基酸在各组织器官中的分布、D-氨基酸与过氧化物酶体代谢的关系、D-氨基酸氧化酶缺陷小鼠体内D-氨基酸的动态、D-氨基酸合成酶活性的变化、D-氨基酸合成酶活性与D-氨基酸分布的关系、D-氨基酸组分在含D-氨基酸的脂肽中的意义，参与D-氨基酸代谢的酶对D-氨基酸的分子识别机制，用酶特异性分析D-氨基酸的方法，D-氨基酸氧化酶和D-天冬氨酸氧化酶的机制。我们得到了以下结果。我们阐明了豌豆幼苗线粒体中丙氨酸消旋酶的功能。本文还阐明了D-天冬氨酸和D-谷氨酸在哺乳动物和鸟类各组织中的分布。对参与D-天冬氨酸生物合成的酶在多肽中的作用也进行了研究。我们证明了草酸的生物合成途径，通过噻唑烷-2-羧酸和噻唑烷-2，4-二羧酸在大鼠。还阐明了肽的D-氨基酸组分的形成机理。我们还证明了D-氨基酸氧化酶缺陷小鼠尿分泌D-丝氨酸的生化机制。本论文根据关节因子的结构与功能关系，设计合成了新型生物表面活性剂。研究了D-苏氨酸和D-苯丝氨酸脱氢酶、5-取代海因和N-酰基D-氨基酸水解酶的酶学性质和应用。阐明了D-氨基酸氧化酶的三级结构。

We aimed to clarify de novo synthesis of D-amino acids in higher plants and animals, distribution of D-amino acids in various tissues and organs, relationship between D-amino acids and peroxisome metabolism, dynamics of D-amino acids in D-amino acid oxidase-deficient mice, change in activities if D-amino acid synthesizing enzymes, relationship between the activities of these enzymes and distribution of D-amino acids, significance of D-amino acid components in lipopetides containing D-amino acids, mechanism of molecular recognition of D-amino acids by the enzymes participating in D-amino acid metabolism, methods of specific analysis of D-amino acids with the enzymes, mechanism of D-amino acid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase. We obtained the following results. We have clarified the function of alanine racemase occurring in mitochondria of pea seedlings. Distribution of D-aspartate and D-glutamate in various tissues of mammals and birds was also clarified. The function of enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of D-aspartate in peptides was also studied. We demonstrated a route of biosynthesis of oxalic acid through thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid and thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid in rats. Mechanisms of formation of D-amino acid components of peptides were also clarified. We also demonstrated biochemical mechanisms of urinary secretion of D-serine by D-amino acid oxidase-deficient mice. We designed and synthesized new peptides acting as biosurfactants based on structure-function relationship of arthrofactin. We studied enzymological properties and application of enzymes catalyzing dehydrogenation of D-threonine and D-phenylserine, hydrolysis of 5-substituted hydantoins and N-acyl D-amino acids. The tertiary structure of D-amino acid oxidase was clarified.