Urban Pedevelopment of Civic Districts in Japan Castle-Towns in Nineteen Century

日本地方城市的现代化进程包括以下三个不同时期的五种具有特色的城市规划方案。首先是对城堡区及其周边地区的再开发，使其从封建城镇转变为现代城镇。在19世纪70年代初，明治政府宣布城堡应该被拆除，因为它们是封建主义的象征。其中一项改革是将地方政府的办公地点设在主要城堡城镇的中心。大部分美丽宏伟的城堡被毁，对城镇空间结构至关重要的护城河和小型人工湖被填满。此外，在城堡区和周边地区实施了一些重建项目，以创建现代城镇。这些措施包括建设公共建筑和设施，以及在每个城市形成一个中央商务区。第二种方案发生在封建社会向现代社会转变的过程中，创造了开放的物理空间结构，以适应集中的国家交通系统，如20世纪初建立的铁路网。为了建设现代化的城市结构，在所有重要的城镇都规划并完成了各种各样的项目：例如，在填满护城河或湖泊的土地上建造高效的道路网络，政府办公室的特区或新的火车站。在这个过程中，关键的方案是如何布局铁路和在哪里定位车站，这将是未来一个更重要的中心。在一些城市，为了振兴整个城市结构，在市中心地区修建了火车站；在其他城市，它位于远离中心，以保护历史区域。必须创建新的街道系统和城市结构来适应新建的铁路系统。这些空间结构在维持大多数城堡城镇的城市增长和现代化方面发挥了重要作用。少

The modernizing process of Japanese local cities includes five characteristic schemes for urban planning in three distinctive periods, as follows.The first is the redevelopment of castle-districts and their surroundings to change them from feudal towns to modern ones. In the early 1870's, the Meiji government announced that castles should be demolished because they were symbols of feudalism. One reform was to lacate the seats of prefectural offices in the hearts of major castle-towns. Most of the beautiful and magnificent castles were destroyed, and the moats and small artificial lakes that were important for the towns' spatial structure were filled up. Furthermore some redevelopment projects in castle districts and surrounding areas were put into practice in order to create modern cities and towns. These included the construction of public buildings and facilities and the formation of a central business district in each city.The second scheme occurred during the changing process from … More feudal to modern society, and created open physical spatial structures to suit the concentrated national transportation system, such as the railway network established in the early 20th century. In order to build modern urban structures, various sorts of projects were planned and completed in all important towns : for example, and efficient road network, a special district for government offices, or a new railway station were often built on the land reclaimed by filling up a moat or lake. The key scheme in this process was how to lay out the railway and where to locate the station that would be one more important center in the future. In some cities, a railway station was built in the mid-town area in order to revitalize the whole urban structure ; in other cities, it was located far from the center to conserve the historical area. New street systems and urban structures had to be created to suit this newly built railway system. These spatial structures have playd an important role in sustaining the urban growth and modernization of most castle-towns. Less