Editing of Audio-Visual Ethogram for African Great Apes and Behavioral Comparison Based on the Ethogram.

从坦桑尼亚马哈勒山脉野生黑猩猩的匆忙录像带中汇编了黑猩猩的视听伦理图。在Nishida等人(1999)编制的伦理图之后，每种行为模式都被赋予了伦理图号、行为名称、行为解释、黑猩猩的名字、射击的日期、射击的地点、枪手的名字。对三种非洲类人猿的梳理行为进行了频率、行为模式和年龄/性别分类的比较，其中梳理行为发生的频率最高。研究表明，黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩在各个方面都很相似，而且大猩猩在梳理方面投入的资金很少，而且活动时间要短得多。大猩猩也缺乏招揽客人的行为模式和不精致的梳理方式。然而，大猩猩确实有去除虱子卵的行为模式。矮黑猩猩和黑猩猩相似，他们把醒着的10%的时间花在梳毛上。然而，行为模式的差异在黑猩猩…之间是有限的更多的OS。三种类人猿没有不同之处，那就是母猩猩和后代之间的梳理是最频繁的，也是专心致志的。这可以用一个可能的假设来解释，即梳理毛发的体外寄生虫清除功能应该最直接地出现在母亲和后代之间。根据录像带，比较了大猩猩和山地大猩猩和东部低地大猩猩在父性行为、问候行为、交配行为、展示行为、玩耍行为和做床行为方面的背景和功能。结果证明，虽然大猩猩与黑猩猩有许多共同的行为特征，但相似的行为可能发生在不同的环境中，或者可能具有不同的功能。与黑猩猩相比，未成熟的大猩猩往往更容易表现出威胁的行为成分。这种现象可能与雄性大猩猩在青春期后既没有建立优势-从属关系，也没有相互共存有关。作为种族间行为差异的一个例子，我们发现山地大猩猩在求偶时发出的呼叫与东部低地大猩猩的联系呼叫发出的呼叫相同。也已经证实，大猩猩在地面上铺床是一种较少的反捕食者策略

An audio-visual ethogram of the chimpanzees was compiled from rush videotapes of wild chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Each behavior pattern has been given ethogram number after the ethogram compiled by Nishida et al (1999), behavioral name, explanation of the behavior, chimpanzee's name, date of shooting, place of shooting, name of the shooter. Grooming behavior of three African great apes were compared in terms of frequency, behavioral patterns and age/sex class among which grooming occurs most frequently. It has been elucidated that chimpanzees and bonobos are similar in every respect and that gorillas invest little in grooming and have much shorter bout. Gorillas also lack in the behavioral pattern of solicitation and way of grooming is not refined. However, gorillas do have the behavioral pattern of removing lice eggs. Bonobos are similar to chimpanzees in investing 10% of their waking time in grooming. However, variation in behavioral patterns is limited among bonob … More os. Three great apes do not differ in that grooming is most frequent and of dedicated nature between mother and offspring. This would be explained by the likely hypothesis that ectoparasites-removing function of grooming should appear most directly between mother and offspring. Contexts and function of paternal, greeting, copulatory, display, play and bed-making behavior are compared among great apes and between mountain and eastern lowland gorillas, based on the videotapes. Consequently, it has proved that although gorillas share many common behavioral characteristics with chimpanzees, similar behavior may occur in different contexts, or may have different functions. Immature gorillas tend to show behavioral components of threat more often than chimpanzees. This phenomenon may have relation with the fact that male gorillas neither establish dominance-subordination relationships nor coexist with each other after the adolescence. As an example of behavioral differences between races, we have found that the same calls used in courtship by mountain gorillas are emitted as contact calls among eastern lowland gorillas. It has also been confirmed that gorilla make beds above the ground as one of the anti-predator strategies Less