Tradition and Development of the Austrian Literature of the 20. Century

对19世纪奥地利小说的研究表明，父亲问题是希尔斯菲尔德或埃布纳-埃森巴赫等作家作品的核心，这些作家在日本鲜为人知，是当时非常典型的作家。这也是权威和权力的问题，而权威和权力实际上源于语言本身的结构。这个传统的问题是在20世纪穆西尔和里尔克的作品中发现的，特别是在他们对父亲之死的描述中。在他作为小说家的活动之初，穆西尔遇到了与马赫、胡塞尔、魏宁格和弗洛伊德等作家在世纪之交类似的问题。他的思想与马赫和魏宁格的思想有一些相似之处，但他用胡塞尔在他的逻辑研究中使用的论点来批评马赫。穆西尔的文本结构类似于弗洛伊德在他的歇斯底里研究中的结构。在《没有品质的人》中，他追求一种带有爱的语言的话语，这是…更多的是打开了一种以另一种方式生活的可能性，这种方式不受“父亲的语言”的控制。这种“爱的语言”是一种深入“乌尔斯普龙格”的语言，人类的语言起源于这里，有意义和无意义并不清楚地区分开来。但穆西尔始终意识到语言的“真实性”，“爱的语言”也总是被唤起“第三人称”形象的因素打断。与列宁在唯物主义和经验主义批评中批评马赫的思想只比穆西尔晚一年，以及卢卡奇在现代欧洲小说中错过了无产阶级的整体性后发现了失落的整体性相比，穆西尔作为20世纪德国作家的地位变得更加透明。对于列宁和卢卡奇来说，主体性都是非常重要的，因为人必须成为历史的自由主体，成为世界历史的主角。但这种主观性由于弗洛伊德和拉康的精神分析而变得不稳定，穆西尔的思想与他们有一些相似之处。在这个意义上，穆西尔的立场可以介于马克思主义和精神分析之间。较少

The research of the Austrian novels of the 19. century made it clear that the problem oft the "father" was central in the works of such authors as Sealsfield or Ebner-Eschenbach, who little known in Japan are very typical writers of the time. It is also the problem of the authority and power that derives in fact from the structure of language itself. This traditional problem is to be found in the 20. century then in the works of Musil and Rilke, especially in their description of the death of the father.At the beginning of his activity as a novelist Musil had similar problems which such authors like Mach, Husserl, Weininger and Freud had at the turn of the century. His thoughts had some similarities with those of Mach and Weininger, but he criticized Mach with the very arguments that Husserl used in his logical studies. The text of Musil is structured like that of Freud in his studies of the hysteria.In The Man without Qualities he pursued a discourse with the "language of love" which … More opens a possibility to live in another way that is not controlled with the "language of the father". This "language of love" is a language, which descends into the depth of "Ursprung" where the human speech originates and sense and senselessness are distinguished not clearly from each other. But Musil is always conscious of the "Vermitteltheit" of the language and the "language oft love" is also interrupted always with elements that evoke the image of the "third person".Compared with Lenin who criticizes the ideas of Mach only one year later than Musil in his Materialism and Empririo-Criticism and with those of Lukacs who found the lost totality in the class of proletariat after he had missed it in the modem European novel, the position of Musil as the 20. century German author becomes more transparent. For both Lenin and Lukacs the subjectivity is very important because one must act as free subject of the history and makes oneself to the protagonist of the world history. But this subjectivity is made instable by the psychoanalysis of Freund and Lacan to which Musil's thoughts have some affinities. In this meaning the position of Musil could be situated between Marxism and psychoanalysis. Less