The Discourse Analysis of the German Prose in the 20. Century focusing on the Austrian Novels

通过对世纪之交至第二次世界大战时期德国散文的比较研究，揭示了德国小说与弗洛伊德、拉康、卢卡奇等哲学著作之间的复杂关系。卢卡奇是欧洲马克思主义最重要的哲学家他在《罗马人论》中所描述的整体丧失的问题在他的哲学著作《整体与社会》中得到了解决因为根据他的观点，无产阶级可以重新获得这种整体。对于精神分析来说，破坏整体的倾向越来越明显，尤其是在雅克·拉康重读弗洛伊德的作品中。整体性的丧失在文学上表现为父亲的死亡，这在穆西尔和里尔克的小说中起着重要作用。在弗洛伊德的著作中，我们发现他关于弑父的概念也存在同样的问题。很明显，卢卡奇的文学问题与政治问题紧密相连。因此，我们可以从同一个角度来分析穆西尔的第一部小说和列宁的哲学著作，我们可以说，他们试图用不同的方式来解决同一个问题。马克思主义话语试图以让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔为终点，重新获得失落的总体，而奥地利小说则是与之相对立的。在这个意义上，我们可以在奥地利小说和拉康的作品中找到一些相似之处。

Through the comparing study of the German prose from the turn of the century to the time of World War II the complicated relations between the German novels and the philosophical works of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Georg Lukacs are made clear. In case of Lukacs who is the most important philosopher of the European Marxism the problem of the loss of totality which he describes in Theorie des Romans was solved in his philosophical work Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein because according to him the Proletariat can regain this totality. As for psychoanalysis the tendency to destroy the totality became more and more obvious, especially in the works of Jacques Lacan who reread Sigmund Freud. The loss of totality is literary expressed by the death of the father that plays a important role in the novels of Musil and Rilke. In the works of Freud we find the same problem in his concept of the murder of the father. As it is obvious in case of Lukacs the literary problem is linked closely to the political. We can therefore analyze the first novel of Musil and the philosophical work of Lenin from the same point of view and we can say they attempted to solve the same question in different ways. The Marxism discourse attempted to gain the lost totality or with the terminus of Jean-Francois Lyotard the lost great story while the Austrian novel represents an antithesis to it. In this sense we can find some parallels in the Austrian novel and the works of Lacan.