Construction of a carbon budget model of soil ecosystems for measures to prevent the global worming

北海道森林和农田的年固碳量为10.61 × 10^6 tC，由于大量消耗化石能源，年碳排放量为9.09 × 10^6 tC。为了平衡预算，人口应减少到目前人口的59%（3.34 × 10^6人口），人口密度为40人/km^<-1>。在2000年和2002年，关东地区八丈寺落叶栎林和万年青针叶柏树林地表CO2排放量分别为501 mgCO_2 m^<-2>h^<-1>和319 mgCO_2 m^<-2>h^<-1>。不同气候、母质和植被条件下的森林CO_2排放通量不仅受土壤温度的影响，还受林木季节性生理状态的影响。通过室内碳矿化实验，估算了牧草根系的季节性生理状态。牧草根系最集中于最上层，最强的是根系，而最弱的是根系，最弱的是根系，最强的是根系，最弱的是根系，最弱的是根系， ...更多信息 在低腐殖酸型和非脲基化型土壤中含量最少。与分次施用常规肥料相比，在整地时施用缓释肥料显著降低了果园草根系在耕层的累积量，通过水分渗漏向下层土壤的CO_2通量约为耕层总碳含量的几倍。在4%CO_2气氛下，改变pH值条件，将改良的碳酸根离子吸附测定方法应用于土壤中，测定了土壤中碳酸根离子的吸附量。吸附量随pH的增加而增加，但在pH 7附近没有显示出吸附最大值。施用有机物料（酵母膏）后，CO_2排放量增加的顺序为冲积土&lt;洪积土&lt;水稻土&lt;安藤土。冲积土微生物群落对碳水化合物组分的代谢最少，而安藤土微生物群落对长链碳质有机物的分解活性最高，导致安藤土在长期内对有机物的分解最多。少

The annual carbon fixation in forests and agricultural lands in Hokkaido was 10.61 × 10^6 tC and the annual budget was 9.09 × 10^6 tC emission due to the large consumption of fossil energy. And for the balanced budget, the population should decrease to 59 % of the present population (3.34 × 10^6 population) and the population density be 40 persons km^<-1>. The CO_2 emission from the forest floors in Hachijoji, Kanto District was 501 mgCO_2 m^<-2> h^<-1> for a deciduous oak (Quercus serrata) forest and 319 mgCO_2 m^<-2> h^<-1> for an evergreen needle-leaved Japanese cypress, respectively, during 2000 and 2002. CO_2 fluxes from the forests under different conditions of climate, parent materials, and vegetation were known to be influenced by not only soil temperature but also seasonal physiological status of forest trees, which was estimated from the laboratory experiment of carbon mineralization.Root system of orchard grass in pasture was concentrated in the uppermost layer most in stron … More gly-acidic non-allophanic Andisols, and least in low-humic allophonic Andisols, respectively. The application of slowly-released fertilizers at the time of land preparation significantly decreased the accumulation of root system of orchard grass in the uppermost layer in comparison with split application of conventional fertilizers.CO_2 flux to the subsoil by water percolation was estimated to amount to several percents of total carbon content in the plow layer of a paddy field, and the percolated CO_2 to the subsoil was temporally retained during the flooding period.A improved method for determining carbonate ions adsorbed to soils was applied to allophonic Andisols under the 4 % CO_2 atmosphere changing the pH condition. The amount of adsorption increased with the increase in pH without showing the adsorption maximum near pH 7. The CO_2 emission after the application of organic material (yeast extract) increased in the order of alluvial soil < diluvial soil < paddy soil < Ando soil. The microbial community in the alluvial soil metabolized carbohydrate fractions least, and that in the Ando soil maintained the high decomposing activity to long-chain carbonaceous organic materials, resulting in the Ando soil decomposing organic matter most in the long-term. Less