RESEARCH ON THE FORMATION OF HAKKA IDENTITY AMONG MODERN HAKKA PUBLIC FIGURES

通过对孙中山、陈明枢、陈琼明等近代中国军政界“客家英雄”生平的考察，可以发现，他们的客家身份认同并非直接来自于他们生前的表述，而只是后来客家思想家的一种推测。通过对“客家性”话语形成过程的分析，发现客家思想家在论证英雄人物的客家渊源时，经常采用两种联想模式。一种是根据英雄出生地或出生地的名称进行联想。一旦他们被确定为来自一个地区包含一些讲客家话的人，他们立即被归类为客家人。另一种模式是基于追溯其祖先的家谱调查的关联。如果发现他们与客家家族有轻微的血缘关系，他们就自动被视为客家后裔。在这两种情况下，这些人如何确定自己的身份并在其生活过程中使用其族裔标签并不重要。在中华帝国晚期，籍贯和父系血统是一个人非常重要的属性。我们可以看到，以颂扬和提升客家民族“优越性”为目的的客家理论家们，巧妙地运用了这些传统模式，使这些公众人物的“客家性”为其他人所接受。

Review of the life history of so called "Hakka" heroes in martial or political scene of early Modern China such as Sun Yat-sen, Chen Mingshu, and Chen Qiongming suggests that their identification as Hakka was merely a result of speculation made by some Hakka ideologues of later days rather than derived directly from their own articulation in their lifetime. Through the analysis of the formative process of discourse on their "Hakkaness", I found two patterns of association that were frequently followed by Hakka ideologues in their efforts to prove the Hakka origin of these heroes. One is the association based on the native place or the name of the prefecture where these heroes were born. Once they were identified as originated from a region containing some speakers of Hakka dialect, they were immediately classified as Hakka. Another pattern is the association based on the genealogical investigations which trace back their ancesty. If there found any slight possibility of genealogical connection to a Hakka family line, they were automatically treated as Hakka descendants. In both cases, it does not a matter how these persons identified themselves and used their ethnic label in their course of life. Native place and patrilineal descent were very essential attributes of a person in late imperial China. We can see that Hakka ideologues who aimed at praising and enhancing the ethnic "superiority" of Hakka invoked these traditional patterns very skillfully in making the "Hakkaness" of these public figures socio-culturally acceptable for other people.