Retributive Justice Meets Restorative Justice : Interdisciplinary Approach towards Criminal Justice and Theory of Justice Compounded

我们从正义心理学的角度考察了什么是惩罚动机，以及它与一般正义动机之间的关系。根据对公众的问卷调查，日本人的惩罚动机并没有分化为控制行为(预防)和报应，而是分化为公开惩罚(通常由国家权力进行)和私人惩罚。因此，关于恢复性司法，私刑的动机可以概念化，其中可能包括容忍。这个主题可以从被害者学的角度进行调查。在受害者学方面，一个问题是罪犯和受害者如何融入他们的社区。另一个问题是如何构建刑事司法制度，使被害人能够参与刑事司法程序。为了跨越心理学和刑法理论的分裂，从正义心理学的角度对刑法的刑罚理论进行了评价。基于心理学的研究发现，刑罚报应不是形而上学，而是不可避免地依附于社会。刑法中的报应刑理论是从法律的角度来解释刑罚的性质，而不是从心理学的角度来解释。因此，刑法理论中的报应刑应与报应司法心理学相结合。这表明刑法中所谓的“积极一般预防理论”与报应正义心理学所解释的报应具有相似性。值得注意的是，这两种观点都涉及到社会本身对刑罚的意义。从社会心理学的角度看，刑罚是对犯罪所损害的社会价值的确认，是被害人社会地位的恢复。考虑到后者，无论是严厉的惩罚还是更多的仪式惩罚都是不相关的。被害人参与刑事司法程序十分重要。

We investigated what was punitive motive, and how it was related to justice motive in general in terms of psychology of justice. Based on the questionnaire survey to the public, Japanese people's motive of penalty is not differentiated to control of behavior (prevention) and retribution, but is differentiated to public punitiveness (usually conducted by the power of the nation) and private punitiveness. Therefore, motive of private penalty, which might include toleration, can be conceptualized with regard to restorative justice. This subject can be investigated in terms of victimology. In terms of victimology, one problem is how the criminal and the victims are integrated in their community. Another problem is how criminal justice system is constructed in order that victims may take part in the criminal justice procedure.In order to span the split between psychology and theory of criminal law, theory of penalty on criminal law is evaluated in terms of psychology of justice. Based on psychological findings, criminal penalty as retribution is not metaphysics but is inevitably annexed to society. Retributive penalty theory in criminal law explains the nature of penalty in the terms of law, and does not explain it in terms of psychology. Therefore, retributive penalty in criminal law theory and the psychology of retributive justice should be integrated. It suggests the similarity between so-called "positive general prevention theory" in criminal law and retribution explained by psychology of retributive justice. It is significant that both ideas deal with the meaning of penalty in society itself. In term of social psychology, criminal penalty means the confirmation of the social value which was damaged by the crime, and the recovery of the victim's social status in society. Considering the latter, neither severe penalty nor more ritualistic penalty is relevant. Victim's participation in the criminal justice procedure is important.