A Comparative Study on the Potential of Alternative Trade and Consumers' Responsible Buying

本研究旨在探讨发展替代贸易的潜力，以及消费者在替代贸易中的角色和责任。这意味着另一种贸易模式，不是基于传统的生产方式和贸易，如GATT/WTO。本研究从四个方面进行了调查。一是世贸组织体制下国际贸易结构的变化对发展中国家的影响。二是厘清技术转让的形式及其各自的影响。三是对日本、法国和台湾的消费者购买行为进行问卷调查，比较消费者责任的概念。这项调查在世界上是第一次。四是关于自由贸易区经济含义的理论思考。本研究明确的内容如下。(一)南北问题发生了质的巨大变化。因此，现在是建立另一个…贸易体系的时候了更多的养殖业和渔业产品，不依赖市场机制。(2)尽管消费者在这方面发挥了重要作用，但日本消费者有必要更多地了解消费者负责任的购买。即使在台湾，也有越来越多的人了解FT的概念。英国《金融时报》在东亚的市场规模比其他地区小，现在可以扩大规模。(3)《金融时报》也在存在二元经济结构问题的南非共和国扎根。《金融时报》在南非的特点是，大型农场正在推广《金融时报》，其受益者是农业雇佣工人，而典型的《金融时报》的目标是小生产者。(4)合作部门有望在金融时报中发挥重要作用。有必要分析实现这一期望的条件。(5)AT可以用内部组织经济学来解释，从这个角度来看，AT的经济意义在于将被边缘化的生产者的风险转移到分配和消费链上，并稳定他们的效用。较少

This study aims at examining the potential of expanding Alternative Trade (AT) and the roles and the responsibilities of consumers in the AT. AT means another trade model, not based on the conventional production mode and trade such as GATT/WTO. This study has carried out the investigations from the four aspects. First one is the impacts of the change in the structure of international trade under the WTO regime on the developing countries. Second is to clarify the forms of AT and the effects of respective form. The third is the questionnaire survey regarding Fair Trade (FT), a form of AT, and consumers' buying behavior, in Japan, France and Taiwan so as to compare the concept of consumers' responsibility. This survey is the first one in the world. The fourth is the theoretical consideration about economic meaning of FT.What this study has made clear are as follows. (1) North-South problem has changed drastically in quality. Accordingly, it is the time to build another trade system of a … More gricultural and fishery products, not depending on market mechanism. (2) Although consumers play an important role in doing this, it is necessary for consumers in Japan to know more about consumers responsible buying. Even in Taiwan, those who know the concept of FT are growing. The FT market in East Asia, which is smaller than other regions, can expand its scale now. (3) FT is also taking root in the Republic of South Africa, which holds the problem of dual structure of economy. The feature of FT in South Africa is that big farms are promoting FT and its beneficiaries are agricultural hired workers, while the target of typical FT is small producers. (4) The cooperative sector is expected to play an important role in FT. It is necessary to analyze conditions for realizing such an expectation. (5) AT can be explained by the economics of internal organization, and from this standpoint, the economic significance of AT lies in transferring the risks of marginalized producers to the chain of distribution and consumption, and in stabilizing their utility. Less