Verbal expression in picture books for Japanesa and American children

研究1旨在探讨日本父母言语中婴儿语的使用与父母信念的关系。有18-20个月大孩子的日本父母回答了调查问卷。以相互依赖为导向的社会化目标与父母言语的共情倾向有关，共情倾向与人格化后缀的添加和音素重复有关。父母言语的脚手架倾向与音素重复显著相关。以移情为导向的绘本阅读方式与音素重复和人格化后缀的增加正相关。研究2和研究3调查了绘本中的人格化作为日本和美国儿童形成生物概念的发展利基的一个方面。研究2显示，在婴幼儿推荐的图画书中，如果不包括童谣集，日本书中拟人化的比例要高于美国书。研究3表明，在经常从公共图书馆借阅的绘本中，日本书中拟人化的比例高于美国书，而且这种趋势在婴幼儿绘本中比学龄前绘本更为明显。探讨了日语语言符号和图形符号中的人格化与日本照顾者对子女的共情取向之间的关系。实验研究需要探讨语言和图像符号中的人格化对生物概念形成的影响，这是未来的研究方向。

Study 1 was performed to investigate the relationships between use of baby talk in Japanese parental speech and parents' beliefs. Japanese parents of children aged 18-20 months responded to questionnaires. The interdependence-oriented socialization goals were related to the empathy orientation of parental speech, and empathy orientation was related to the addition of personification suffixes and to phoneme repetition. The scaffolding orientation of parental speech was significantly related to phoneme repetition. An empathy-oriented picture-book reading style related positively to the repetition of phonemes and the addition of personification suffixes.Study 2 and 3 investigated personification in picture books as an aspect of developmental niches in which Japanese and American children form biological concepts. Study 2 revealed that of the picture books recommended in booklists for babies or toddlers, a higher proportion of Japanese books included personification than did American ones, when collections of nursery rhymes were excluded. Study 3 showed that of picture books frequently checked out from public libraries, a higher proportion of Japanese books included personification than did American ones, and this tendency was more salient in picture books for babies or toddlers than for preschoolers.The relationships between personification in Japanese linguistic and pictorial symbols and the empathy orientation of Japanese caregivers toward their children were discussed. Experimental studies need to investigate the effects of personification in linguistic and pictorial symbols on the formation of biological concepts, as a future direction.