Comparative studies in Japanese and Korean with respect to functional categories and (micro-)parameter settings

作为我们研究的结果，我们得出了以下几点。首先，在形态句法上，日语有更广泛的功能范畴。更具体地说，日语与韩语不同，它的参数化程度很高，可以使用高应用性（高于VoiceP）和低语素（低于VP）。因此，不及物动词的间接被动语态、接收动词的辅助用法以及V2为方面的“词性”复合动词只有在日语中才有可能。其次，虽然日语和韩语都允许伪裂，但日语可以通过多个焦点解除名义限制，而韩语则不能。这强烈表明，该约束适用于前者的语法，而适用于后者的PF。最后，说日语和韩语的儿童，像他们的成人同龄人一样，在他们语言习得的最早阶段就知道大小写标记和后置的区别以及论点省略的可用性。

As the result of our studies, the following points have been made. First, morpho-syntactically, a wider range of functional categories are available in Japanese. More concretely, Japanese, unlike Korean, is so parametrized that Higher Applicative (higher than VoiceP) and Lower Aspect (lower than VP) are available. Consequently, indirect passives on intransitive verbs, the auxiliary use of the verb of receiving, and "lexical" compound verbs whose V2 is aspectual are possible only in Japanese. Secondly, although both Japanese and Korean allow pseudo-clefts, the nominative restriction can be lifted by multiple foci in Japanese, but not in Korean. This strongly suggests that this constraint applies in syntax in the former but in PF in the latter. Finally, both Japanese- and Korean-speaking children, like their adult counterparts, know the distinction between case markers and postpositions and the availability of argument ellipsis at the earliest stage of their language acquisition.