Phylogeny and evolution of Japanese papilionid butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

利用线粒体ND 5基因对日本凤蝶和东亚凤蝶进行系统发育分析。凤蝶科是单系的，其系统发育树与基于形态特征的分类相一致。凤蝶亚属（属：Papilio）分为两个系统发育簇，其中一个簇由P.maackii，P.syfanius，P.krishna，P.arcturus，P.hopponis，P.paris和P. karna组成。另一种为双叶拟青霉、多角拟青霉、近江拟青霉、赫氏拟青霉、双叶拟青霉。属于不同类群的一些种具有相似的翅型，这可能是平行进化的一个例子。一个是ssp。bipolus和thrasymedes，另一个是ssp. okinawensis，另一个是ssp. amamiensis和ryukyuensis，另一种是ssp. dehaanii、tokaraensis和hachijonis。四个双齿扁原甲类群之间的碱基序列差异很大，足以将它们视为不同的种，表明ssp. okinawensis和ssp.当琉球群岛从欧亚大陆分离出来时，amamiensis和ryukyuensis将被分离。两种菌株间无序列差异。dehaanii，分布于朝鲜、对马岛、日本本岛和库页岛等地; tokaraensis和ssp. hachijonis，表明它们最近从朝鲜半岛（冰川时代）传播到日本列岛。P.polyctor和P. bibliotor之间以及P.syfanius和P.maackii之间没有发现序列差异，表明这对可能是同一个种，尽管它们被认为是分类上不同的种。这表明，当日本列岛从欧亚大陆分离出来时，这两种居住在日本的物种将被隔离。

Mitochondrial ND5 gene was used for a phylogenetic analysis of Japanese and East Asian papilionid butterflies. The Papilionidae are monophyletic and their phylogenetic tree is consistent with classifications based on their morphological characters. The subgenus Achillides (genus : Papilio) are separated to two phylogenetic clusters, one of which consists of P.maackii, P.syfanius, P.krishna, P.arcturus, P.hopponis, P.paris and P.karna. the other of which consists of P.bianor, P.polyctor, P.chikae, P.hermeli P.dialis. Some species belonging to the different clusters have a similar wing pattern, which may indicate an example of parallel evolution.P.bianor is divided to four phylogenetic clusters. One is ssp. bianor and thrasymedes, another is ssp. okinawensis, another is ssp. amamiensis and ryukyuensis, and the other is ssp. dehaanii, tokaraensis and hachijonis. Base sequence differences among the four P.bianor groups are large enough to be able to regard them as different species, indicating that ssp. okinawensis, and ssp. amamiensis and ryukyuensis would be isolated when the Ryukyu Islands were separated from the Eurasian Continent. No sequence difference was found in P.bianor ssp. dehaanii inhabiting Korea, Tsushima Island, Japan Main Islands and Sakhalin and ssp. tokaraensis and ssp. hachijonis, indicating that they would spread recently to the Japan Archipelago from the Korean Peninsula (Glacial era). No sequence difference was found between P.polyctor and P.bianor, and between P.syfanius and P.maackii, suggesting that the pair may be an identical species although they are regarded as taxonomically different species.Parnassius stubendorfii and P.glacialis inhabiting the Japan Archipelago are phylogenetically distinct from those inhabiting the Eurasian Continent, suggesting that both species inhabiting Japan would be isolated when the Japan Archipelago was separated from the Eurasian Continent.