DETECTION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE IN HUMAN SALIVA

唾液是一种替代的药物检测生物基质，它具有 与血液和尿液等更传统的液体相比，它有几个优势。 采集速度快，非侵入性，相对容易获得。几个 有报告详细描述了唾液中滥用药物的迹象，但很少有报道 比较了不同药物给药后的排泄情况 路线。在这项研究中，受试者接受了三次吸烟和三次吸烟 海洛因静脉注射剂量按递增剂量设计。血和 给药后定期采集唾液并进行分析 用气相色谱/质谱仪(GC/MS)分析海洛因，6- 乙酰吗啡和吗啡。在第二项研究中，受试者是 给予单次烟熏剂量的可卡因碱，鼻腔内剂量的 盐酸可卡因和静脉注射剂量的盐酸可卡因 在不同的场合。收集血浆和唾液，并进行分析 GC/MS检测可卡因、脱水淫羊藿碱甲酯(AEME)和7 额外的代谢物。在检出海洛因和6-乙酰吗啡 在服药后首次采集唾液样本(2分钟) 两条路都有。海洛因浓度很快达到峰值，在 静脉给药后2-5分钟和吸烟后2分钟 海洛因。吸食海洛因碱后唾液中海洛因浓度峰值 范围为3,534(2.6毫克)-20580(5.2毫克)，静脉注射后 给药范围从6毫克/毫升(10毫克海洛因盐酸盐)到30毫克/毫升(12 Mg)。静脉注射后海洛因唾液浓度迅速下降 给药，达到检测的灵敏度极限(1 ng/m L) 到60分钟。吸烟后唾液中海洛因浓度下降 缓慢，检测时间从4-24小时不等。可卡因是主要的 吸烟和静脉注射后唾液和血浆中检出分析物 行政管理。静脉注射后唾液可卡因浓度峰值 给药范围为428-1927纳克/毫升(N=7)，吸烟后 15852~504880 ng/m L(N=7)。静脉注射后血浆可卡因峰值水平 给药范围为122-442毫微克/毫升(N=7)，吸烟后从46毫微克/毫升至46毫微克/毫升 291 ng/m L(N=7)。可卡因的热降解产物AEME是 在吸烟后的唾液中检测到，但在血液中检测不到。唾液峰值AEME 浓度在2分钟内达到，范围为558-4374 ng/mL 7例。这些是首次报道的海洛因和 吸食海洛因后唾液中的代谢物及唾液中的AEME 吸食可卡因后。大量可卡因的存在 在吸食后的唾液和鼻腔内的剂量是口服的反映 污染。总体而言，这些数据表明唾液的用途是 一种检测近期吸毒情况的测试媒体。

Saliva is an alternate biological matrix for drug testing that has several advantages over more traditional fluids such as blood and urine. Collection is rapid, non-invasive and relatively easy to obtain. Several reports have detailed the appearance of drugs of abuse in saliva but few have compared the excretion profiles of drugs administered by different routes. In this study, subjects were administered three smoked and three intravenous doses of heroin in an ascending dose design. Blood and saliva were collected periodically after drug administration and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for heroin, 6- acetylmorphine and morphine. In a second study, subjects were administered a single smoked dose of cocaine base, an intranasal dose of cocaine hydrochloride, and an intravenous dose of cocaine hydrochloride on separate occasions. Plasma and saliva were collected and analyzed by GC/MS for cocaine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) and seven additional metabolites. Heroin and 6-acetylmorphine were detected in the first saliva sample collected (2 min) following drug administration by both routes. Peak heroin concentrations were achieved quickly, between 2-5 min after intravenous administration and at 2 min after smoked heroin. Peak heroin concentrations in saliva after smoking heroin base ranged from 3534 (2.6 mg) - 20580 (5.2 mg) and after intravenous administration ranged from 6 ng/mL (10 mg heroin HCl) to 30 ng/mL (12 mg). Saliva concentrations of heroin declined rapidly after intravenous administration, reaching the limit of sensitivity of the assay (1 ng/mL) by 60 min. Heroin concentrations in saliva after smoking declined slowly, with detection times ranging from 4-24 h. Cocaine was the major analyte detected in saliva and plasma after smoked and intravenous administration. Peak saliva cocaine concentrations after intravenous administration ranged from 428-1927 ng/mL (N=7) and after smoking from 15852-504880 ng/mL (N=7). Peak plasma cocaine levels after intravenous administration ranged from 122-442 ng/mL (N=7) and after smoking from 46- 291 ng/mL (N=7). The thermal degradation product of cocaine, AEME, was detected in saliva but not blood following smoking. Peak saliva AEME concentrations were achieved at 2 min and ranged from 558-4374 ng/mL (N=7). These are the first reported observations of heroin and metabolites in saliva following heroin smoking and of AEME in saliva after smoking cocaine base. The presence of large quantities of cocaine in saliva after the smoked and intranasal doses was a reflection of oral contamination. Overall, these data indicated the utility of saliva as a test media for detecting recent drug use.