The path of most Resistance: the intimate geographies of landscape for World War II Partisans in Northern Italy

1943年至1945年的反纳粹、反法西斯党派斗争成为战后意大利共和国建设中的标志性事件。随着世界接受纳粹的暴行，抵抗运动将意大利人定位为抗击这种压迫。当意大利人就他们的法西斯过去进行谈判时，抵抗故事提供了一个分散注意力的机会和一个新的开始。因此，抵抗运动通过各种“官方”媒体得到庆祝，并成为意大利战后身份的核心。《游击队》受到评论员和政界人士(尤其是左翼人士)的赞扬。人们以历史文字、实体纪念碑、公民仪式和街道命名来庆祝这些节日。反过来，这些历史被嵌入到学校的历史中，特别是在北部，那里发生了大部分的党派活动。这些历史在1989年和1992年意大利第二共和国垮台后被重塑。右翼开始批评游击队左翼政治的爱国主义，而更主流的历史反思揭示了党派生活的支离破碎、政治化，往往是残酷和妥协的性质。然而，抵抗的地理位置仍然很少被研究。虽然学者们经常谈论游击队求助于山或森林，但他们很少考虑这些地方的性质。虽然历史学家记录了抵抗行动和避难所的地点，但他们很少考虑战士们是如何经历这些风景的。对于这些转瞬即逝的世界的产生和本质，地理上的理解是缺乏的。我们建议利用对幸存的游击队的采访来探索个人的、情感的事情：游击队对他们隐形和避难的风景的理解和参与，以及他们隐藏、庇护、观察和等待的地方。虽然这个项目从关于他们历史的正统档案开始，但这个项目将超越这些档案，恢复在这些环境中存在和居住的亲密、感官和具体的业务。是什么地方激发了恐惧、依恋、悔恨或希望？抵抗运动的微观地理特征是什么？进一步，我们将通过一系列案例研究地点，探索抵抗运动本身及其使用、参与和重塑地形的模式是如何构成抵抗战士和游击队的。这些以现象学的方法共同创造景观和主题的方法在最近的地理学和考古学中得到了快速发展(超越了更传统的理解景观的尝试)。团队的地理和考古敏感性之间的接触允许我们通过一个许多学科感兴趣的项目，并通过一个对现代意大利身份至关重要的主题来探索这些方法的协同效应。案例研究将来自意大利东北部的威尼托：这是一个关键的党派地区，对传统的抵抗历史至关重要。这些“官方”记述被保存在印刷品和当地博物馆，以及民间传说、诗歌和歌曲中。我们将研究这些来源以及它们在森林和山脉中隐秘的党派生活的证据。然而，我们将通过深入访谈和实地考察(如果年龄允许)来考虑游击队对这些景观的创作。最后，我们将考虑这些遗址的后世及其历史。记住抵抗并参观其标志性景点对威尼托的许多人来说仍然很重要，尤其是那些在学校实地考察时参观党派遗址的孩子。这些地方是如何用来纪念抵抗运动的？具体化的历史是如何让这些遗址活跃起来的？我们还将采访教师和当地历史顾问，了解这些遗址是如何用于记忆工作的，以及他们如何将这些遗址的经历转化为更广泛的抵抗运动历史。总而言之，我们承诺在最后的老兵溜走之前，更全面地了解抵抗运动的生活和风景。

The anti-Nazi, anti-Fascist partisan struggles of 1943-45 became iconic in the post-war construction of the Italian Republic. As the world came to terms with Nazi atrocities, the resistance positioned Italians as fighting this oppression. As Italians negotiated their fascist pasts, resistance stories offered a distraction and a new start. Consequently, the resistance was celebrated through all kinds of 'official' media and became central to Italy's post-war identity. 'Partigiani' were lauded by commentators and politicians (especially on the left). They were celebrated in historical writing, and by physical memorials, civic ceremonies and street-naming. In turn, these histories became embedded in school histories, especially in the North where the bulk of partisan activity occurred.These histories were re-cast in the aftermath of 1989 and the fall of Italy's second republic in 1992. The right began critiquing the patriotism of Partisans' leftist politics, while more mainstream historical rethinking uncovered the fractured, politicized and often brutal and compromised nature of partisan life.Yet the geographies of the resistance remain little-studied. While scholars frequently talk of the partisans' recourse to mountains or forests, they seldom consider the nature of these places. While historians documented the sites of resistance actions and refuges, they rarely considered how the fighters experienced these landscapes. Geographical understandings of the production and nature of these fleeting worlds are lacking.We propose to use interviews with surviving partisans to explore the personal, emotional business of 'being there': of the partisans' understandings of, and engagements with, their landscapes of invisibility and refuge where they hid, sheltered, watched and waited. While starting with orthodox archives about their histories, this project will move beyond these to recover the intimate, sensual, embodied business of being and dwelling in these environments. What places inspired fear, attachment, remorse or hope? What characterised the micro-geographies of a resistance landscape?Further, we will explore how the practice of resistance itself -and its modes of using, engaging and re-shaping landscapes- constituted both the resistance fighter and the Partisans across a series of case-study sites. These phenomenological approaches to the co-production of landscape and subject have developed apace in geography and archaeology of late (transcending more traditional attempts to apprehend landscapes). The engagement between the team's geographical and archaeological sensibilities allows us to explore the synergies of these approaches through a project of interest to many disciplines, and via a topic that is pivotal to modern Italian identity. The case studies will be drawn from the Veneto, North-East Italy: a key partisan region that is central to traditional Resistance histories. These 'Official' accounts are enshrined in print and local museums, and in folk traditions of tales, poems and songs. We will examine these sources for and their evidence of furtive partisan lives amidst forests and mountains. However, we will then consider the partisans' production of these landscapes through in-depth interviews and, age permitting, site visits.Finally, we will consider the afterlives of these sites and their histories. Remembering the resistance and visiting its iconic sites remains important for many in the Veneto, not least children who visit partisan sites on school fieldtrips. How are these places used to remember the resistance? How might embodied histories enliven these sites? We will also interview teachers and local historical advisors about how these sites are used in memory work, and how they translate the experiences of these sites to wider histories of resistance landscapes.In sum, we promise a fuller picture of Resistance lives and landscapes before the last veterans slip away.