(NSF/SBE-RCUK) Rise of divine lordships in the ancient Andes: ancestors and polity in northern Peru

当欧洲人在16世纪到达时，南美西部的大部分地区都是神圣的领主。这些本土政治的特点是社会等级和以亲属为基础的世系，这些世系集中在像神一样拥有权力的特殊领袖身上。尽管世界各地普遍存在神圣领主，但人们对它们的出现知之甚少。我们的项目调查了古代秘鲁神的早期记录。它源于我们之前的工作，该工作独立观察了安卡什北部两个相邻地区的政治集中化证据：莫罗地区（Nepeña沿海中谷）和卡巴纳地区（帕拉斯卡高地）。本项目旨在更全面地记录中央集权的过程（公元1-200年），并假定四个主要因素至关重要：加强资源控制；战士领导力;敌对派系;领导人的祖先。测试这些因素的数据将通过一个为期4年的实地调查和分析计划获得，包括：a)区域定居调查。社会复杂性模型倾向于关注单个山谷。我们研究相邻的山谷，以扩大分析框架，以观察更大规模的系统变化。每个盆地都有一个令人印象深刻的山顶中心，Cerro San Isidro （Moro）和Pashash (Cabana)，俯瞰着宝贵的土地，以平民和精英的住宅、防御工事和陵墓为特色。它们的周围是许多其他的聚落和特征（村庄、田野、道路、运河）。详细的调查将有助于确定他们的约会、活动和与中心的功能关系。B) Cerro San Isidro和Pashash的发掘。这两个遗址都保存完好；由于新的住宅和殡葬建筑几乎同时出现在这两个地区，我们的项目可以阐明它们的共同发展。领主应该显示出分段组织、祖先崇拜和财富差异的证据。我们的目标是在大型建筑群中研究这些模式，作为权力所在地亲属群体的宫殿空间。其中的墓葬和陵墓可能表明“与死者同住”，这种仪式有助于使日益强大的贵族群体合法化。挖掘后分析（有机和非有机遗骸）应显示饮食、财富积累和贸易项目的差异。该项目由两位处于职业生涯中期的考古学家领导，他们在秘鲁工作了40年，完成了主要实地项目和研究区域产出的记录。一名博士后研究员将补充团队，在实地考察期间进行案例研究，领导影响/传播活动，并在社会复杂性和物质文化方面发展个人研究课题。该项目将由两名秘鲁联合主管、当地研究技术人员和国际学生参与，同时与地方当局、城镇和博物馆合作。总体而言，我们的项目研究了安第斯山脉政治的兴起，作为秘鲁北部大规模区域系统性变化的一部分。它发展了早期神圣领主的物质记录，并直接为有关美洲及其他地区社会复杂性出现的一般理论做出了贡献。它考察了科学和人文学科的主题，并与当前事件产生共鸣-魅力型领导；财富不平等;冲突;政治意识形态。主要学术产出包括两个研究不足区域的新案例研究和技术数据，以及联合出版物（书籍/文章）、报告、会议和外联活动。更广泛的影响包括秘鲁的能力建设：增加藏品并与三个地区博物馆共享数据；为遗址保护、文物管理和公共展览提供知识；使当地博物馆和利益相关者能够有效地了解和展示他们的过去。它还为许多学生和研究人员提供机会，帮助培养新一代学者，并在英国、北美和秘鲁之间建立学术和公共联系。

Divine lordships characterised much of western South America when the Europeans arrived in the 16th century. These native polities featured social ranking and kin-based lineages centred on special leaders who held power as god-like, ancestral beings. Despite the prevalence of divine lordships across the world, very little is known about their emergence.Our project investigates the early record of divine lordship in ancient Peru. It grows out of our previous work which independently observed evidence of political centralisation in two adjacent areas of northern Ancash: districts of Moro (Nepeña coastal midvalley) & Cabana (highland Pallasca). This project aims to more fully document the process of centralisation (AD 1-200), and postulates that four main factors were crucial: intensified resource control; warrior leadership; rival factions; ancestralisation of leaders. Data to test these factors will be acquired through a 4-year plan of fieldwork and analysis, including:A) Regional Settlement Survey. Social complexity models have tended to focus on single valleys. We examine adjacent valleys to widen the frame of analysis to observe larger scale systemic change. Each basin is dominated by an impressive hilltop centre, Cerro San Isidro (Moro) & Pashash (Cabana), which overlooks valuable lands and features commoner and elite dwellings, fortifications and mausolea. Surrounding them are many other settlements and features (hamlets, fields, roads, canals). Detailed survey will help determine their dating, activities and functional relationships to the centres.B) Excavations at Cerro San Isidro & Pashash. Both sites show excellent archaeological preservation; because new residential and mortuary buildings appear in both areas almost simultaneously, our project can clarify their co-development. Lordships should show evidence of segmentary organisation, ancestor veneration and wealth differences. We aim to study these patterns in large compounds, as palatial spaces of kin groups at the seats of power. Burials and mausolea inside them may indicate 'living with the dead,' ritual practices that helped legitimise increasingly powerful noble groups. Post-excavation analyses (organic & non-organic remains) should show variability in diet, wealth accumulation and trade items.The project is led by two mid-career archaeologists, who combine four decades of work in Peru and accomplished records of major field projects and outputs in the study areas. A postdoctoral researcher will complement the team to bridge the case studies during fieldwork, heading activities in impact/dissemination, and developing personal research topics on social complexity and material culture. The project will have two Peruvian co-directors, local research technicians and international student participation, while working with local authorities, towns and museums. Overall, our project researches the rise of Andean polities as part of large-scale, regional systemic change in northern Peru. It develops the material record for early divine lordships and contributes directly to general theory about the emergence of social complexity in the Americas and beyond. It examines topical themes in the sciences and humanities, and resonates with current events - charismatic leadership; wealth inequality; conflict; political ideology.Key scholarly outputs include new case studies and technical data for two understudied regions, as well as joint publications (books/articles), presentations, meetings and outreach. Wider impact includes capacity-building in Peru: adding collections and sharing data with three regional museums; transferring knowledge for site protection, heritage management & public exhibitions; enabling local museums and stakeholders to know and present their past effectively. It also offers numerous student & researcher opportunities to help develop a new generation of scholars and grow academic and public links between UK, North America and Peru.