PREVALENCE & EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CRYPTORCHIDISM

这项提案的总体目标是确定 真正的隐睾症的患病率在婴幼儿早期和 评估母体因素和妊娠因素在妊娠中的作用 隐睾症的流行病学。 具体地说，这项研究将确定 出生时的隐睾症，在3个月和1岁时。至 实现这一点，大约有5,800个连续的单例 在西奈山医院分娩的活产男婴将是 出生时检查是否患有隐睾症。那些被发现是 出生时的隐睾症将在3个月和1年后进行随访 评估自发性睾丸下降频率的年龄 并提供了真实婴儿比例的估计值 隐睾症。 将进行病例对照研究以调查 隐睾症的流行病学危险因素。更确切地说， 这项研究将评估：a)明显的超额风险 与黑人相比，白人中的睾丸癌得到了反映。 隐睾症发生的种族/民族差异 对于白人、黑人和西班牙裔婴儿，b)隐睾症 胎儿宫内发育迟缓及其相关因素的研究 与胎儿宫内发育迟缓有关，如香烟 吸烟和其他药物滥用，以及c)隐睾症 与先前提出的风险因素有关，如产妇 肥胖、产前外源性激素应用、 习惯性流产和臀位分娩。最后的学习小组将 估计有150名婴儿的睾丸未下降 在一岁时(病例)和370名睾丸下降的婴儿 出生时(对照)。第三组，也将被比较 将由大约180名婴儿组成，他们的 从出生到一岁，睾丸会自发下降。 有关风险因素的信息将通过问卷调查获得 在产后医院给母亲服用的药物 句号。 这项研究应提供有关 隐睾症的流行病学和发病机制 关于睾丸癌的原因，因为隐睾症是 年轻男性患睾丸癌的主要已知危险因素。

The overall objectives of this proposal are to determine the prevalence rate of true cryptorchidism during early infancy and to assess the role of maternal and gestational factors in the epidemiology of cryptorchidism. Specifically, this study will determine the frequency of crytorchidism at birth, at ages 3 months and one year of age. To accomplish this, approximately 5,800 consecutive singleton liveborn male infants delivered at Mount Sinai Hospital will be examined for cryptorchidism at birth. Those who are found to be cryptorchid at birth will be followed up at 3 months and one year of age to assess the frequency of spontaneous testicular descent and provide an estimate of the proportion of infants with true cryptorchidism. A case-control study will be undertaken to investigate epidemiologic risk factors of cryptorchidism. More specifically, this study will assess whether: a) the apparent excess risk of testicular cancer among whites as compared to blacks is reflected in a racial/ethnic differential in the occurrence of cryptorchidism for white, black and Hispanic infants, b) cryptorchidism is associated with intrauterine growth retardation and factors implicated in intrauterine growth retardation, such as cigarette smoking and other substance abuse, and c) cryptorchidism is related to previously suggested risk factors, such as maternal obesity, prenatal exogenous hormone administration, a history of habitual abortion, and breech delivery. The final study groups will comprise an estimated 150 infants whose testes are undescended at age one (the cases) and 370 infants whose testes are descended at birth (the controls). A third group, which will also be compared to the controls, will consist of approximately 180 infants whose testes descend spontaneously between birth and one year of age. Information on the risk factors will be obtained by a questionnaire administered to the mothers during the postpartum hospital period. This study should provide important information on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism and potentially on the causes of testicular cancer since cryptorchidism is the major known risk factor for testicular cancer in young men.