UNDERstanding Indian Urban Governance REFORM: A comparative analysis of the Smart City Mission reforms and their impact on sustainable urban mobility

这项研究有两个主要目的。首先是对交通治理改革的本质，以及在印度创造更可持续城市交通的潜力，发展前沿的、有理论依据的见解。不断增长的城市人口、不断扩大的城市扩张和快速增长的收入，再加上公共交通不足、缺乏协调的基础设施和日益增长的机动化，这些综合压力给印度的城市地区带来了巨大而不平等的负担。这导致道路高度拥挤，空气质量差，行人伤亡率高，交通不便，生活质量差，尤其是城市贫民。在此背景下，重新设计城市交通治理已被确定为在印度建设更具包容性和经济、环境和社会可持续性城市的关键因素（mod， 2006年，mod， 2015年和NITI Aayog， 2017年）。自2006年以来，印度一直在努力改革城市交通治理，主要是通过加强地方一级的能力，但由于缺乏有意义的授权和财政权力，影响有限。然而，在2015年，印度中央政府启动了智慧城市使命，旨在超越以前在地方一级取得的成就。该倡议的重点是通过“智能”解决方案的应用，促进“提供核心基础设施并为公民提供体面生活质量的城市”（mod, 2015, p5）。在此背景下，本研究以智慧城市使命为主要契机，了解交通管理改革的目标和过程，以及这些改革能够在多大程度上显著改善交通系统。为此，该研究将对印度四个指定的智慧城市的先前和计划改革进行定性比较分析；斋浦尔、兰契、布巴内什瓦尔和班加罗尔。该研究将描述四个城市的治理安排和治理改革，并使用多层次治理框架来指导实证分析，将在非西方背景下创新地发展这一框架。该研究还将通过分析变化的过程和结果，追踪治理改革对经济繁荣和公民生活质量的影响。如果我们要从发现问题到了解如何克服问题，这是必不可少的。该研究的第二个目标是汇集、发展和激励一个研究人员和实践者社区，以推进对印度以及英国和印度之间移动治理的研究和理解。这项研究将采用自下而上的方法；该项目将与世界资源研究所印度局合作，从一开始就让这四个城市的从业人员参与进来，以确保调查结果尽可能有意义。访谈协议将与利益相关者共同制定，数据收集将参考利益相关者在项目开始时通过探索性研讨会确定的城市交通治理的主要挑战。来自四个“智慧城市”的利益相关者将对经历了不同程度交通治理改革的三个英国城市进行考察访问，以从英国的经验中吸取教训，并借鉴从业者的专业知识。还将在孟买召开一次世界交通研究会议特别会议，使实践者与印度及其他地区交通治理研究前沿的学者进行对话。该项目还将在印度召集一所“暑期学校”，让研究人员在交通管理和改革方面发展他们的研究方法、理论观点和网络。这些活动将建立专业和研究能力，以应对未来的交通治理挑战。

This research has two primary aims. The first is to develop cutting edge, theoretically informed, insights into the nature of mobility governance reform and the potential to generate more sustainable urban mobility in India. The combined pressures of a growing urban population, increasing urban sprawl, and rapidly rising income, coupled with inadequate public transport, lack of coordinated infrastructure, and increased motorisation have placed huge and unequal burdens on India's urban areas. This has resulted in highly congested roads, poor air quality, high pedestrian casualty rates and poor accessibility and quality of life particularly for the urban poor. In this context, redesigning urban mobility governance has been identified as a critical element of progress in delivering more inclusive and economically, environmentally and socially sustainable cities in India (MoUD, 2006, MoUD, 2015 and NITI Aayog, 2017). Efforts to reform urban transport governance, primarily through the bolstering of local level capacity, have been underway in India since 2006 but with limited affect due to lack of meaningful delegation of authority and financial power. However, in 2015 the Indian national government launched the Smart Cities Mission, aimed at going beyond what has been achieved before at the local level. The focus of the initiative is to promote 'cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens' through the application of 'Smart' Solutions (MoUD, 2015, p5). Within this context then, this research uses the Smart Cities Mission as a major opportunity to understand the aims and processes of transport governance reform and the extent to which these reforms are capable of achieving a significant improvement in the mobility system. To this end, the research will undertake a qualitative comparative analysis of previous and planned reforms in four of India's designated smart cities; Jaipur, Ranchi, Bhubaneshwar and Bangalore. The research will characterise governance arrangements and governance reforms across each of the four cities, and in using the multi-level governance framework to guide empirical analysis, will be innovative in developing this framework within a non-Western context. The research will also trace the impacts of governance reforms through to impacts on the economic prosperity and quality of life of citizens through analysing changing processes and outcomes. This is essential if we are to move beyond identifying problems to understanding how to overcome them.The second aim of the research is to bring together, develop and inspire a community of researchers and practitioners to advance the study and understanding of mobility governance across India and between the UK and India. The research will be bottom-up in its approach; working with WRI India, the project will engage practitioners in the four cities from the outset to ensure the findings are as meaningful as possible. The interview protocol will be co-created with stakeholders and the data collection informed by the key challenges of urban mobility governance identified by stakeholders through exploratory workshops at the start of the project. A study visit to three UK cities that have experienced different levels of transport governance reform will be held for stakeholders from each of the four 'smart cities' to learn lessons from the UK experience and draw on practitioner expertise. A special session of the World Conference on Transport Research in Mumbai will also be convened to bring practitioners into dialogue with scholars at the forefront of research on transport governance in India and beyond. The project will also convene a 'summer school' in India for researchers to develop their research methods, theoretical perspectives and networks in relation to transport governance and reform. These activities will build both professional and research capacity to address future transport governance challenges.