New Frontiers for Time Use Research (NFTUR)

我们所做的一切，都需要时间。因此，在日常生活的各种活动中花费的时间为总结社会活动提供了全面和详尽的基础。然而，人们通常不知道自己在日常活动中投入了多少时间（例如，读者会考虑上周花了多少时间在工作、做家务或睡觉上）。为此，我们必须采用一种特殊的研究方法。我们不是问一组直接的问题“你在这个或那个活动上花了多少时间”，而是让人们按顺序列出他们所做的所有事情，并尽可能准确地回忆起每个连续活动的开始和结束时间，从昨天凌晨4点到今天凌晨4点。时间使用研究中心（CTUR）已经通过比较这种“日记”和磨损的相机记录进行了实验（CAPTURE 24项目在支持案例中描述），并已证明，虽然精确的开始时间的不确定性引入了随机误差，日记技术产生了用于各种广泛活动类别的时间的总体估计（有偿工作、家务、儿童保育、旅行、媒体使用、社交和独处休闲、睡眠），这与从相机记录中估计的总持续时间几乎相同。CTUR是世界领先的专家，收集和分析具有全国代表性的成人和儿童时间日记样本。它产生了高度原创的社会学，经济学和其他研究（例如在公共卫生，交通，环境可持续性等领域）及其时间使用分析的结果。它正在建立一个独特的历史数据库，其中包括自20世纪50年代以来每十年的英国调查，以及来自发达世界其他25个国家的调查（多国时间使用研究-MTUS），迄今为止，时间日记调查的总天数超过100万又四分之一。国家统计局利用时间日志研究详细评价国民账户的劳动投入，并用于国民账户“扩展”，包括生计生产和私人家庭的无报酬工作。日记研究揭示了工作时间利用的性别和家庭类型相关差异，以及这些差异在生命过程中的变化。2“体现资本”的形成过程。人们如何支配时间对技能的积累有影响，无论是在工作场所，在家里工作，还是在休闲活动中。人们参与活动，学习技能，提高他们参与这些活动的能力，无论是在工作中（有效参与可以提高效率，导致就业方面的更高工资或晋升，在无薪工作方面有更多的空闲时间），还是在休闲方面更多的享受（因为个人成为更熟练的消费者）。这些活动的相对持续时间的差异-例如与有酬工作和无酬工作有关的差异-导致系统性的不平等，特别是性别工资差距。在确定人口健康状况方面，活动（体育锻炼、久坐行为、睡眠）在人口中的分布现在被视为与营养同样重要。时间使用日记为这一领域的研究提供了更好的证据，而不是基于活动模式的估计。适当的工作与生活平衡现已成为福祉的一个关键决定因素。因此，生活满意度和人口幸福感研究将时间使用方法作为改善国民幸福感测量的关键资源。本提案旨在改进和扩展这四个领域所需的MTUS数据集，并进行新数据收集方法的实验，并研究时间日志数据集的创新应用，

Everything we do, takes time. So time spent in the various activities of daily life, provides a comprehensive and exhaustive basis for summarising the activities of a society. Yet people in general do not know how much time they devote to their daily activities (readers consider, for example, how many hours spent in their job, or doing housework, or asleep, last week.) For this reason, we have to adopt a special research technique. Rather than asking a set of direct questions "how much time did you spend in this or that activity", we instead ask people to list, in sequence, all the things they have done, with, as precisely as they are able to recall, the start and end times of each successive activity, from 4am yesterday to 4am today. The Centre for Time Use Research (CTUR) has experimented by comparing "day-diaries" of this sort with worn camera records (The CAPTURE24 project described in the Case for Support) and has demonstrated that, though uncertainty about precise start times introduces a random error, the diary technique produces overall estimates of time devoted to the various broad classes of activity (paid work, household chores, childcare, travel, media use, social and solitary leisure, sleep) which are virtually identical to the total durations estimated from the camera records. The CTUR is the world-leading specialist in collecting and analysing nationally representative samples of time diaries, from both adults and children. It produces highly original sociological, economic, and other research (for example in the fields of public health, transport, environmental sustainability) with the results of its time use analysis. It is building up a unique, historical database, with UK surveys from every decade since the 1950s, and from 25 other countries from across the developed world (the Multinational Time Use Study-MTUS) comprising a total of more than a million-and-a-quarter diary-days so farTime diary surveys are important for:1 The measurement of economic activity in the broadest sense. National statistical offices use time diary studies for both detailed evaluations of labour inputs to National Accounts, and also for National Accounts "Extensions" covering subsistence production and unpaid work in private households. The diary studies reveal gender- and household-type-related differences in work time use, and changes in these through the life-course.2 Processes of formation of "embodied capital". How people spend their time has consequences for the accumulation of skills, in the workplace, in work at home, and in leisure pursuits. People engaging in activities, learn skills that improve their ability to participate in those activities, whether in work (where effective participation increases efficiency, leading to higher pay or promotion in the context of employment, more free time in an unpaid work context)-or to more enjoyment (as the individual becomes a more skilled consumer) in a leisure context. Differences in the relative durations in these activities-eg related to paid vs unpaid work-lead to systematic inequality, particularly to gender wage gaps.3 Public health issues. The distribution of activity (physical exercise, sedentary behaviour, sleep) across populations is now seen as quite as important as nutrition in the determination of populations' health status. Time-use diaries provide better evidence for research in this area than questionnaire-based estimates of activity patterns.4 Affect and wellbeing. An appropriate work-life balance is now emerging as a key determinant of wellbeing. So life-satisfaction and population happiness studies now take time-use methods as a key resource for improvement of the measurement of national well-being.This proposal intends to improve and extend the MTUS datasets required for these four fields, as well as undertaking experiments with new data collection methods, and investigating innovative applications of time-diary datasets,