TRAFFIC POLLUTION AND HEALTH IN LONDON

虽然人们已经认识到汽车尾气和其他交通相关污染物中的小颗粒会对健康产生一系列影响，但英国和欧洲的政策并没有直接针对这些问题。车辆和环境空气本身的排放是根据总颗粒物进行管制的，没有具体针对某一组分。虽然这显然是谨慎的，因为它可能会减少所有类型的颗粒，但它也是低效的，因为一些颗粒（或颗粒成分）可能比其他颗粒更具毒性。该项目旨在阐明伦敦污染混合物中毒性更大的成分，特别强调交通产生的颗粒物。如果成功，这将为更集中和更有效的政策过程提供信息，以规范车辆排放和环境空气质量。除了规范车辆排放和环境空气外，政策制定者-特别是地方和地区政府一级的政策制定者-还可以通过交通管理和更广泛的规划决策来影响空气污染的影响。在这方面，该项目将提供关于空间和时间暴露及其与空气质量不利影响的关系的更好信息。这一动态暴露信息将是评估伦敦更集中的交通和基础设施规划和管理范围的重要一步，并可能应用于英国其他地方。尽管有大量文献证实了交通污染对健康的影响，但仍存在很大差距。有非常有力的证据表明，暴露于交通污染会导致儿童哮喘恶化，也有相当有力的证据表明，它可能会导致其他健康影响，包括儿童哮喘发作、非哮喘呼吸道症状、肺功能受损、总死亡率和心血管死亡率以及心血管发病率。在这个项目中，我们将进行一些新的调查，以审查长期暴露于交通污染和健康之间的关系。这些研究将包括对孕妇一直到老年人的研究。这些创新研究将包括空气污染影响调查中很少使用的健康结果（例如初级保健数据，儿童心血管风险因素）。在伦敦的政策中，在一个精细的空间尺度上使用暴露度量，将使暴露-反应关系用于量化健康影响方面的政策选择。此外，这将使我们能够评估暴露于交通相关空气污染趋势的健康影响，特别是伦敦低排放区（LEZ）。

While it has been recognised for some time that small particles from vehicle exhausts and other traffic related pollutants cause a range of health effects, policy within the UK and Europe has not directly targeted these. Emissions from vehicles and ambient air itself are regulated in terms of total particles, with no specific targeting of one component or another. While this is clearly prudent in that it potentially drives reductions in all types of particles, it is also inefficient as it is likely that some particles (or particle components) are more toxic than others. This project seeks to elucidate the more toxic components of the pollution mix in London, with particular emphasis on traffic generated particles. If successful this will inform a more focussed and more efficient policy process for regulating vehicle emissions and ambient air quality. As well as regulating vehicle emissions and ambient air, policy makers - particularly at local and regional government level-can influence air pollution impacts through traffic management and wider planning decisions. Here the project will provide better information on spatial and temporal exposures and their relation to adverse impacts of air quality. This dynamic exposure information will be a major step forward in assessing the scope for more focussed traffic and infrastructure planning and management in London, with possible applications elsewhere in the UK. Even though there is a substantial literature confirming the impact of traffic pollution on health there are still substantial gaps. There is very strong evidence that exposure to traffic pollution causes asthma exacerbations in children and reasonably strong evidence that it may cause other health effects including the onset of childhood asthma, non asthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. In this project we will undertake a number of new investigations to examine the relationship between chronic exposure to traffic pollution and health. These will include studies of mothers in pregnancy right through to senior citizens. These innovate studies will include health outcomes rarely if ever available for investigation of air pollution effects (e.g. primary care data, child cardiovascular risk factors). The use of exposure metrics on a fine spatial scale that are in routine use for policy in London will enable exposure response relationships to be used for quantifying policy options in terms of health impact. Further this will enable us to evaluate the health impact of trends in exposure to traffic related air pollution, most specifically the Low Emission Zone for London (LEZ).