Eyjafjallajokull 2010: chronology of magmatic processes and their linkage to unrest signals and eruption behaviour

2010年，埃亚菲亚德拉火山的喷发在欧洲造成了大范围的破坏，交通混乱和经济损失，机场关闭，游客滞留，航空货运中断。2010年，至少有13家大型旅行社破产，火山喷发是其中一个重要因素。虽然许多研究关注的是火山灰注入大气后的行为，但这个项目关注的是岩浆本身。Eyjafjallajokull火山爆发发生在10多年的周期性动荡之后，在1994年、1996年和1999年，火山下疑似有岩浆运动。当它真正爆发时，火山产生的岩浆显然是三种成分的混合物，一种是进化的粘性岩浆，另一种是两种不同的热玄武岩岩浆，它们与进化的成分相互作用并加热，使其能够喷发。岩浆中的晶体通过不同成分的生长带记录了混合事件。如果这些晶体位于炽热的岩浆房中，它们会逐渐复位，形成统一的成分。通过观察这个重置过程进行了多远，我们可以确定从这些区域形成到现在有多长时间，并推断出岩浆混合的时间。我们对这些样本的初步研究表明，在火山爆发前的18个月里，发生了多次混合事件。在许多晶体中看到的一个主要混合事件与峰顶喷发的开始有关，我们有理由预计新的混合事件——代表新鲜岩浆的输入——将对喷发状态产生强烈影响。该项目将有两个研究分支，分别在爱丁堡和利兹进行，英国地质调查局作为主要利益相关者参与其中。爱丁堡的作用是完善我们对产品特性的了解，确定三种混合成分及其特性，如温度和含水量。利兹的作用是确定岩浆在喷发前混合的时间，然后用它来显示火山下岩浆房在喷发前和喷发期间发生的一系列事件。有了这些数据，我们将能够“确定”在整个喷发沉积物中记录的晶体混合事件的“日期”，寻找岩浆脉冲何时到达岩浆室，并将其与地表看到的喷发活动联系起来，以及冰岛科学家在喷发发生时监测到的信号。然后，我们将与冰岛同事讨论我们的结果，以改进我们的火山地下管道模型，更好地了解岩浆供应和喷发方式之间的联系，并更好地将监测信号与岩浆过程联系起来。

The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010 caused widespread disruption, travel chaos and economic damage across Europe, closing airports, stranding tourists and halting air freight. At least 13 major travel operators went bust in 2010, with the eruption being a significant contributing factor.Whilst many studies focus on the behaviour of ash when injected into the atmosphere, this project is concerned with the magma itself. The Eyjafjallajokull eruption followed over a decade of periodic unrest, with suspected magma movements beneath the volcano in 1994, 1996 and 1999. When it did erupt, the volcano produced a magma that was clearly a mixture of three components, an evolved, sticky magma and two different hot, basaltic magmas, which interacted with and heated up the evolved component so that it could be erupted. Crystals in the magma record the mixing event, by growing zones with different compositions. If the crystals sit in a hot magma chamber, they gradually reset towards a uniform composition. By looking at how far this resetting process has gone, we can determine how long it has been since the zones formed, and by inference, since the magmas mixed. Our initial work looking at these samples has shown that there are multiple mixing events, occurring up to 18 months before the eruption itself occurred. A major mixing event seen in many crystals correlates with the start of the summit eruption, and it is reasonable to expect that new mixing events - representing fresh magma input - would have a strong impact on the state of the eruption. This project will have two research strands, operating at Edinburgh and Leeds, with involvement of the British Geological Survey as a key stakeholder. The role of Edinburgh is to refine what we know about the character of the products, to identify the three mixing components and their properties such as temperature and water content. The role of Leeds is to determine the times at which the magmas have mixed before they erupt, and to then use this to show the series of events that happened in the magma chamber beneath the volcano, both before, and during, the eruption.With this data, we will be able to "date" the mixing events recorded in crystals from throughout the eruption deposit, looking for when magma pulses arrived into the magma chamber, and linking this to the eruptive activity as seen at the surface, as well as the signals that were recorded by the Icelandic scientists monitoring the eruption as it happened. We will then discuss our results with Icelandic colleagues in order to improve our model for the plumbing beneath the volcano, better understand the linkage between magma supply and eruption style and to better relate monitoring signals to magmatic processes.