Atmospheric Measurement and Observation Facility (AMOF)

新的NERC大气雷达研究设施（NFARR）将是现有的Chilbolton大气雷达研究设施（CFARR）和中间层-平流层-对流层雷达设施（MSTRF）的合并。20多年来，这两个节点一直是NERC S&F产品组合的一部分，在过去几年中，它们之间的集成度越来越高。CFARR设在汉普郡的科学和技术设施理事会（STFC）奇尔博尔顿天文台，为云、降雨、边界层过程和气溶胶的研究提供世界一流的能力。它在主办大型大气科学和遥感活动方面经验丰富，包括协调的现场飞机测量。位于阿伯里斯特威斯附近的卡佩尔德维的MST雷达是英国最强大和最通用的风廓线仪器。它的独特之处在于能够在2-20公里的高度范围内以高分辨率（通常高度为300米，时间为几分钟）连续测量三维风矢量。它还可以提供有关大气稳定性、湍流、湿度和降雨量的信息。NFARR测量解决了当前NERC战略中三大社会挑战中的两个：（一）对环境危害的恢复能力，以及（二）管理环境变化。它们特别适合研究高影响力的天气事件，无论这些事件涉及破坏性的风还是大雨。它们还可用于研究地球气候系统的基本过程。该提案描述了NFARR计划如何继续为NERC资助的研究团体提供独特的大气测量机会，培训和数据分析/解释支持。用户群主要来自大气科学、遥感和水文学领域。NFARR不仅为从事NERC赠款资助项目的用户提供访问权限，而且还具有直接访问机制，可以进行试点或概念验证研究（或捕获极端事件）。还有一个机制，让博士生自己申请访问。NFARR在2016/17年期间支持了10个博士生。NFARR支持商业工作和非NERC研究，如果其能力尚未被上述类别的应用耗尽。鉴于NFARR操作的仪器范围广泛，并且某些应用程序与客户仪器支持有关，因此通常可以同时支持多个项目。鼓励潜在用户从最初规划阶段就与设施工作人员讨论其要求。这确保了要求在技术上是可行的，并有助于避免调度冲突。本提案中概述的规定将与通过NCAS的基础计划资助的Chilbolton和卡佩尔德维站点的长期测量一起进行。这些测量为定制测量提供气候背景，并确保可以观察到极端或罕见的大气事件。它们还增加了支持实地活动和接待客座乐器的场地的吸引力。无线电探空仪可以从任何一个地点发射。通过环境数据分析中心（CEDA）免费提供NFARR的数据。有些国家还为国际研究基础设施作出贡献，如ACTRIS（气溶胶云和痕量气体研究基础设施）和AERONET（气溶胶机器人网络）。来自MST雷达的数据由五个欧洲气象组织进行业务同化，用于数值天气预报（NWP）。NFARR将在两年内与AMF合并。这两个设施已开始加强互动，特别是在采用共同数据标准方面。

The new NERC Facility for Atmospheric Radar Research (NFARR) will be a merger between the existing Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric Radar Research (CFARR) and the Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere Radar Facility (MSTRF). Both nodes have been part of NERC's S&F portfolio for more than 20 years and have become increasingly integrated with each other over the past few years. CFARR is based at the Science and Technology Facilities Council's (STFC's) Chilbolton Observatory in Hampshire, and provides world-class capability for the study of clouds, rainfall, boundary-layer processes and aerosols. It is experienced in hosting large atmospheric science and remote-sensing campaigns including coordinated in-situ aircraft measurements. The MST Radar at Capel Dewi near Aberystwyth is the UK's most powerful and most versatile wind-profiling instrument. It is unique in being able to provide continuous measurements of the three-dimensional wind vector over the altitude range 2-20 km at high resolution (typically 300m in altitude and a few minutes in time). It can also provide information about atmospheric stability, turbulence, humidity and rainfall. NFARR measurements address two of the three major societal challenges in the current NERC strategy: (i) Resilience to Environmental Hazards, and (ii) Managing Environmental Change. They are particularly well-suited for studying high-impact weather events, whether these involve damaging winds or heavy rain. They also have numerous applications for studying fundamental processes in the Earth's climate system. This proposal describes how NFARR plans to continue to provide unique atmospheric measurement opportunities, training, and support with data analysis/interpretation for the NERC-funded research community. The user base is drawn mainly from the fields of atmospheric science, remote sensing and hydrology. NFARR provides access not only to users working on NERC grant funded projects, but also has a Direct Access mechanism, whereby pilot or proof of concept studies (or the capture of extreme events) can be carried out. There is also a mechanism for PhD students to apply for access themselves. NFARR supported 10 PhD studentships during 2016/17. NFARR supports commercial work and non-NERC research if its capacity has not been exhausted by applications in the categories above. Given the wide range of instruments that NFARR operates, and the fact that some applications relate to guest instrument support, it is often possible to support multiple projects simultaneously. Potential users are encouraged to discuss their requirements with Facility staff from the initial planning stages. This ensures that the requirements are technically feasible and helps to avoid scheduling conflicts.The provision outlined in this proposal will sit alongside long-term measurements at both the Chilbolton and Capel Dewi sites funded through NCAS's Underpinning Programme. These measurements provide climatological context for the bespoke measurements and ensure that extreme or rare atmospheric events can be observed. They also add to the attractiveness of the sites for the support of field campaigns and for the hosting of guest instruments. Radiosondes may be launched from either site. Data from NFARR are made freely available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA). Some also contribute to international research infrastructures such as ACTRIS (Aerosol Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure) and AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network). Data from the MST radar are operationally assimilated, for the purposes of numerical weather prediction (NWP), by five European meteorological organisations. NFARR will merge with the AMF in two years' time. The two facilities have already begun to increase their interactions, particularly in the field of adopting common data standards.