Etiology of anxiety, mood and distruptive behavior disorders in adolescence

这是一项关于情绪在青春期精神病理学发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是(A)负面情绪(愤怒、焦虑、悲伤)的多种成分在精神病理学演变中的作用，以及(B)导致情绪失调和紊乱的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化(反社会模式)和内化(焦虑、抑郁情绪)障碍有关。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时刻。在此期间，精神病的发病率增加，临床问题在性别上变得更加不同，即男性的反社会行为更多，女性的焦虑和抑郁更多。本研究对四组青少年进行了研究：(1)外化与内化并存问题；(2)外化问题；(3)内化问题；(4)无症状。青少年的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，在两个时间点上学习，间隔两年。对同等数量的男性和女性进行研究，以检查症状、情绪调节和疾病表现方式的性别差异的病因学。去年完成了《时间1》的数据收集。今年将用于：(A)根据《时间1》的数据对发表的文章进行编码、分析和准备，以及(B)收集《时间2》的数据进行纵向分析。一篇关于神经内分泌对压力的反应的文章已经被接受发表。皮质醇的特征日变化模式被观察到：上午晚些时候明显下降，下午晚些时候进一步下降。在风险组和对照组中，男性和女性都出现了这些减少。在焦虑诱导任务中，皮质醇水平只有在内化女孩中才能看到增加。这一点很有趣，因为成年抑郁症的性别差异(女性更高)始于青春期，这表明可能存在生理基础。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of multiple components of negative emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness) in the evolution of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines, i.e. more antisocial behavior in males and more anxiety and depression in females. Four groups of youths are studied: (1)comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems, (2)externalizing problems, (3) internalizing problems, and (4) asymptomatic. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are studied at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. During the past year data collection was completed for Time 1. This year will be spent (a) coding, analyzing, and preparing articles for publication based on Time 1 data, and (b) collecting the Time 2 data for longitudinal analyses. One article on neuroendocrine responses to stress has been accepted for publication. Characteristic diurnal patterns for cortisol were observed: there was a marked drop by late morning and a further reduction by late afternoon. These decrements were present for both males and females in risk and control groups. During an anxiety induction task, increases in cortisol levels were seen only in internalizing girls. This is of interest, given that the strong sex differences in adult depression (higher in females)begin in adolescence, suggesting a possible physiological substrate.