Physiological /Neural Mechanisms Of Vocal Communication

Z01 HD 001123-11 LCE和Z01 HD 001124-11 LCE是共同研究灵长类听觉交流的伙伴项目。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会背景等方面全面了解灵长类听觉交流。两种非人类灵长类动物，松鼠猴和普通绒猴是主要的研究对象，并在适当的情况下从其他物种收集额外的数据。该项目先前的工作表明，婴儿哭声的功能和声学等价物的产生是由位于大脑皮层额叶前中线的边缘皮质调节的，听觉皮质中的单个神经元件(颞上回)对物种特定发声的声学结构中的细微差异特别敏感，这表明在调节个体差异(声音特征)方面发挥着重要作用。对内分泌机制的研究表明，内源性催乳素水平与婴儿提取测试中的携带时间相关，通过使用溴隐亭(一种多巴胺激动剂)减少催乳素会干扰婴儿提取。新的发现是：(A)松鼠猴子参与三种类型的从属关系：母性、其他成年雌性的同源亲子关系和成年雌性之间的同性从属关系。我们正在研究与应激反应有关的皮质醇，以及与其他物种的婴儿从属行为有关的催乳素。我们假设，由于催乳素在哺乳过程中的明确作用，它将与异基因哺育有关，而且它可能与同性成年人的友谊有关，因为它还牵涉到与哺乳无关的附属行为，如男性育儿行为。初步结果表明，血清催乳素与异基因哺育和高水平的同性成年从属关系呈正相关，而且社会互动率总体较低的动物的血清皮质醇水平更高；b)对去年完成的一项关于绒猴玩耍行为的更精细分析表明，大部分游戏时间是与同龄玩伴(S)一起度过的。有较大兄弟姐妹的青少年与兄弟姐妹一起玩耍最多，只有5.74%和1.40%的时间与父母(分别是父亲和母亲)一起玩耍。没有年长兄弟姐妹的青少年与父母一起玩耍的时间更多(分别为18.86%和15.50%，父亲和母亲)。吗啡处理组(0.5 mg/kg生理盐水皮下注射)能显著延长小鼠的接近-撤退游戏时间和除柄外的所有接近-撤退成分的出现次数。吗啡给药后，打闹和翻滚游戏各元素的出现频率均显著增加。在使用吗啡后，儿童玩耍脸的出现频率也更高(FTreat，(4，67)df=2.55，p&lt；.05；p&lt；.05；p&lt；.05)，青少年在游戏中使用的发声方式也是如此(FTreat，(4，67)df=2.87)。在基线条件下，非社交游戏元素，玩具操纵(FTreat，(4，27)df=3.57，p&lt；.05)和运动游戏(ftreat(4，67)df=6.59，p&lt；.001；Ftreat，(4，67)df=4.58，p&lt；.01)显著增加。非游戏性社交行为，如与他人坐在一起(FTreat，(4，34)df=0.71，p&gt；0.05)和打扮(Ftreat，(4，34)df=1.09，p&gt；0.05)，没有受到吗啡的影响。总体而言，在吗啡存在的情况下，运动评分显著增加(FTreat，(4，34)df=18.61，p&lt；.001)。

Z01 HD 001123-11 LCE and Z01 HD 001124-11 LCE are companion projects that together investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two non-human primates, the squirrel monkey and common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. Prior work in this project has shown that production of sounds that are the functional and acoustic equivalents of cry sounds in human infants are mediated by limbic cortex located along the anterior midline of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, and that single neural elements in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) are particularly responsive to subtle differences in the acoustic structure of species-specific vocalizations, suggesting an important role in mediating individual differences (vocal signatures). Studies of endocrine mechanisms have shown that endogenous prolactin levels correlate with carrying time in infant retrieval tests, and that reducing prolactin by administering bromocryptine (a dopamine agonist) disrupts infant retrieval. New findings are (a) Squirrel monkeys engage in three types of affiliation: mothering, allo-mothering by other adult females, and same-sex affiliation among adult females. We are investigating cortisol, which is implicated in the stress response, and prolactin, which has been implicated in affiliative behavior with infants in other species. We hypothesize that prolactin will be associated with allo-mothering because of its clear role in lactation, and that it may be associated with same-sex adult friendships because it has also been implicated in affiliative behaviors that do not involve lactation, such as male parenting behavior. Preliminary results suggest that serum prolactin is positively associated with allo-mothering and with high levels of same-sex adult affiliation, and that serum cortisol is higher in animals with low overall rates of social interaction; b) a more refined analysis of a study on marmoset play behavior completed last year indicates that the majority of play time was spent with the same age playmate(s). Juveniles with older siblings played with siblings the most, and spent only 5.74 % and 1.40 % of the time playing with parents (father and mother, respectively). Juveniles housed without older siblings spent more time playing with parents (18.86 % and 15.50 %, father and mother, respectively). Morphine treatment (0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection in saline) significantly increased the duration of approach-withdraw play and frequency of all approach-withdraw elements except stalk. Frequencies of all elements of rough and tumble play were significantly increased by morphine administration. Play face also occurred more frequently after morphine administration (Ftreat, (4,67)df = 2.55, p< .05; p< .05), as did twittering, a vocalization used by young during play (Ftreat, (4,67)df = 2.87). The non-social play elements, toy manipulation (Ftreat, (4,27)df = 3.57, p< .05) and locomotor play (Ftreat (4,67)df= 6.59, p< .001; Ftreat, (4,67)df= 4.58,, p< .01), were significantly elevated under baseline conditions. Non-play social behaviors such as sitting with others (Ftreat,(4,34)df= 0.71, p> 0.05) and grooming (Ftreat, (4, 34)df= 1.09, p> 0.05), were unaffected by morphine. Overall, locomotor scores were significantly increased in the presence of morphine (Ftreat, (4,34)df = 18.61, p< .001).